XHTML

HTML can travel over the network to a browser either in HTML syntax or an XML syntax called XHTML.

HTML5 and HTML/XHTML

The HTML5 standard defines both these syntaxes. The MIME type (sent in the HTTP Content-Type header) indicates the choice of syntax: for XHTML the MIME type will be application/xhtml+xml, otherwise text/html.

This example shows an HTML document and an XHTML document including the appropriate HTTP headers:

HTML document

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=en>
  <head>
    <meta charset=utf-8>
    <title>HTML</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>I am a HTML document</p>
  </body>
</html>

XHTML document

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/xhtml+xml

<html xml:lang="en" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
  <head>
    <title>XHTML</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>I am a XHTML document</p>
  </body>
</html>

MIME type versus DOCTYPE

Before HTML5, the two separate specifications defined the two syntaxes (HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0). According to the XHTML1 standard, you could use XHTML by declaring a special DOCTYPE. However, no browsers have ever implemented this, and the HTML5 standard has reversed the decision. If your page is sent as text/html, you are not using XHTML.

Instead, the proper MIME type must be present in the Content-Type HTTP header. If you only put the MIME type into an HTML meta tag like <meta http-equiv=…>, it will be ignored and treated like text/html.

If you serve your pages as text/html and believe that you are writing XHTML, you may face several problems, as described in these articles:

No to XHTML an excellent article from Spartanicus
Beware of XHTML by David Hammond
Sending XHTML as text/html Considered Harmful by Ian Hickson
XHTML's Dirty Little Secret by Mark Pilgrim
XHTML - What's the Point? by Henri Sivonen
XHTML is not for Beginners by Lachlan Hunt

Support

Most browsers currently support XHTML, including Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Opera, and Internet Explorer (since IE 9). (Internet Explorer 8 and older browsers instead show a download dialog box for unknown file types when they see an XHTML document with the correct XHTML MIME type.)

Also be aware that many popular JavaScript libraries and developer tools have limited or no support for XHTML.

Differences from HTML

See Properly Using CSS and JavaScript in XHTML Documents for a partial list of differences between HTML and XHTML.

Tools

Standards-Compliant Authoring Tools