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    CSS3

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    CSS3 是層疊樣式表語言的最新版且目標是為了延伸 CSS2.1。它有許多久違的新東西，像是圓角、陰影、漸層、或是動畫, 還有像是多列, 有彈性的盒子或是網格佈局之類的。 實驗的部分會有供應商前綴且應該在生產環境中盡可能地避免，使用那些未來可能會改變的語法或語義都要格外小心。

    模組及標準化程序

    CSS Level 2 需要 9 年(2002年八月~2011年六月)，以達到建議的狀態。 This was due to the fact that a few secondary features hold back the whole specification. In order to accelerate the standardization of non-problematic features, the CSS Working Group of the W3C, in a decision referred as the Beijing doctrine , divided CSS in smaller components called modules . Each of these modules is now an independent part of the language and moves towards standardization at its own pace. While some modules are already W3C Recommendations, other still are early Working Drafts. New modules are also added when new needs are identified.

    CSS Modules and Snapshots as defined since CSS3 Formally, there is no CSS3 standard per se . Each module being standardized independently, the standard CSS consists of CSS2.1 amended and extended by the completed modules, not necessary all with the same level number. At each point of time, a snapshot of the CSS standard can be defined, listing CSS2.1 and the mature modules.

    The W3 consortium periodically publishes such snapshots, like in 2007 or 2010.

    Though today no module with a level greater than 3 is standardized, this will change in the future. Some modules, like Selectors 4 or CSS Borders and Backgrounds Level 4 already have an Editor's Draft, though they haven't yet reached the First Published Working Draft status.

    CSS 模組狀態

    穩定模組

    A few CSS modules are already fairly stable and have reached one of the three recommendation level of the CSSWG: Candidate Recommendation, Proposed Recommendation or Recommendation. These can be used without prefixed and are pretty stable, though a few features can still be dropped at the Candidate Recommendation stage.

    These modules extend and amend the CSS2.1 specification which build the core of the specification. Together with it, they are the current snapshot of the CSS specification.

    CSS Color Module Level 3 Recommendation  自 2011 年 6 月 7 號起

    增加 opacity 屬性，還有 hsl(), hsla(), rgba() 和 rgb() 函式來創造 <color> 值。它也定義了關鍵字 currentColor 唯有效的顏色。

    現在透明色是一個真實的顏色（因為支援了 alpha 通道）。若想要使用透明度，請使用 rgba(0,0,0,0.0)。

    關鍵字 system-color 不應該繼續使用，因為他已經被棄用。
    Selectors Level 3 Recommendation 自 2011 年 9 月 29 號起

    Adds:

    The next iteration of the Selectors specification is already in progress, though it still hasn't reached the First Public Working Draft stage.

    CSS Namespaces Module

    Recommendation 自 2011 年 9 月 29 日起

    Adds the support for the XML Namespaces by defining the notion of CSS qualified name , using the ' | ' syntax and adding the @namespace CSS at-rule.
    Media Queries Recommendation 自 2012 年 6 月 19 日起

    Extends the former media type ( print, screen, … ) to a full language allowing queries on the device media capabilities like only screen and (color) .

    Media queries are not only used in CSS document but also in some attributes of HTML Elements, like the media attribute of the <link> element.

    The next iteration of this specification is in the work, allowing to tailor a Web site regarding the input methods available on the user agent, with new media features like hover or pointer. Detection of EcmaScript support, using the script media features is also proposed.

    CSS Style Attributes Recommendation 自 2013 年 11 月 7 日起
    Formally defines the syntax of the content of the HTML style global attribute.
    CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3 Candidate Recommendation

    Adds:

    The CSS4 iteration of the Backgrounds and Borders specification is already in progress, though it still hasn't reached the First Public Working Draft stage, it plans to add the ability to clip a border (with the CSS border-clip, border-clip-top, border-clip-right, border-clip-bottom, and border-clip-left properties) or to control the shape of the border in a corner (using the CSS border-corner-shape property).

    CSS Multi-column Layout Module Candidate Recommendation
    Adds support for easy multi-column layouts using the CSS columns, column-count, column-fill, column-gap, column-rule, column-rule-color, column-rule-style, column-rule-width, column-span, column-width, break-after, break-before, and break-inside.
    CSS Speech Module Candidate Recommendation
    Defines the speech media type, an aural formatting model and numerous properties specific for speech-rendering user agents.
    CSS Image Values and Replaced Content Module Level 3 Candidate Recommendation

    Defines the <image> data type.

    Extends the url() syntax to support image slices using media fragments.

    Adds:

    • The dppx unit to the <resolution> data type.
    • The image() function as a more flexible alternative to url() to define an image from an url.
      At risk : due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the image() function may be postponed to the next iteration of this module .
    • Support for linear-gradient(), repeating-linear-gradient(), radial-gradient() and repeating-radial-gradient().
    • The ability to define how a replaced element should fit in its element, using the CSS object-fit property.
      At risk : due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the object-fit and property may be postponed to the next iteration of this module .
    • The ability to override the resolution and orientation of an external image using the CSS image-resolution and image-orientation properties.
      At risk : due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the image-resolution and image-orientation properties may be postponed to the next iteration of this module .

    The CSS Image Values and Replaced Content Level 4 which will supersede CSS Image Level 3 is in development and is a Working Draft.

    CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 Candidate Recommendation

    Makes initial and inherit keywords usable on any CSS property.

    Formally defines the CSS data types of CSS 2.1, that were implicitely defined by their grammar token and some textual precisions.

    Adds:

    • Definition for new font-relative length units: rem and ch .
    • Definition for viewport-relative length units: vw, vh, vmax, and vmin .
    • Precision about the real size of the absolute length units, which are not really absolute, but defined in relation with the reference pixel .
    • Definition for <angle>, <time>, <frequency>, <resolution>.
    • Normative value to the definition of <color>, <image>, and <position>.
    • Definition for the calc(), attr(), and toggle() functional notations.
      At risk: due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the calc(), attr(), and toggle() functional notations may be postponed to the next iteration of this module.

    Several types definition, like <ident> and <custom-ident>, have been deferred to CSS Values and Units Module Level 4.

    CSS Flexible Box Layout Module Last Call Working Draft
    Add a flexbox layout to the CSS display property and several new CSS properties to control it: flex, flex-align, flex-direction, flex-flow, flex-item-align, flex-line-pack, flex-order, flex-pack, and flex-wrap.
    CSS Conditional Rules Module Level 3 Candidate Recommendation
    Adds features for conditional processing of parts of style sheets, conditioned on capabilities of the browser or the document the style sheet is being applied to. It consists mainly in allowing nested at-rules inside @media and the adding of a new CSS at-rule, @supports, and a new DOM method CSS.supports().
    Unknown Unknown

    Extends:

    Adds:

    Precises:

    • The paint order of the decorations.

    At risk: due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the text-decoration-skip, line positioning rules and the ability to place both emphasis marks and ruby above the same base text may be postponed to the next iteration of this module.
    CSS Fonts Module Level 3 Candidate Recommendation

    Amends the CSS2.1 Font matching algorithm to be closer to what is really implemented.

    Adds:
    CSS Syntax Level 3 Candidate Recommendation
    Precises how charsets are determined; minor changes in parsing and tokenization algorithms.

    Modules in the refining phase

    Specifications that are deemed to be in the refining phase are already fairly stable. Though changes are still expected, they shouldn't create incompatibilities with current implementations; they should mainly define behavior in edge cases.

    CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3 Candidate Recommendation

    Adds:

    • The ability to tweak the box model using the CSS box-sizing property.
      At risk: due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the padding-box value may be postponed to the next iteration of this module .
    • Allow the styling of forms according their content using the CSS :indeterminate, :default, :valid, :invalid, :in-range, :out-of-range, :required, :optional, :read-only, and :read-write pseudo-classes and the ::value, ::choices, ::repeat-item, and ::repeat-index pseudo-elements.
      At risk: due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the pseudo-elements ::value, ::choices, ::repeat-item, and ::repeat-index may be postponed to the next iteration of this module .
    • Support for icons, defined by the CSS icon property simultaneously with the new icon value of the CSS content property.
      At risk: due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the icon property and the icon value may be postponed to CSS4.
    • Support for the CSS outline-offset property giving more control on the position of the outline.
    • Support for the CSS resize property allowing Web authors to control if and how elements should be resized.
    • Support for the CSS text-overflow property defining how text overflows, if needed.
      At risk: due to insufficient browser support, the 2-value syntax of this property as well as the support for <string> values may be postponed to the next iteration of this module .
    • The ability to define the hotspot of a cursor as well as the new none, context-menu, cell, vertical-text, alias, copy, no-drop, not-allowed, nesw-resize, nwse-resize, col-resize, row-resize, all-scroll, zoom-in, zoom-out, extending the cursor property.
    • The ability to specify the sequential navigation order (that is the tabbing order ) using the CSS nav-index, nav-up, nav-right, nav-left, nav-down properties.
      At risk: due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the navigation properties may be postponed to the next iteration of this module .
    • The ability to control the usage of an IME editor, using the CSS ime-mode property.
      At risk: due to insufficient browser support, standardization of the ime-mode property may be postponed to the next iteration of this module .

    An early list of what could be in the next iteration of the CSS Basic User Interface Module is available.

    CSS Transitions Working Draft
    Allows the definition of transitions effects between two properties values by adding the CSS transition, transition-delay, transition-duration, transition-property, and transition-timing-function properties.
    CSS Animations Working Draft
    Allows the definition of animations effects by adding the CSS animation, animation-delay,animation-direction, animation-duration, animation-fill-mode, animation-iteration-count, animation-name, animation-play-state, and animation-timing-function properties, as well as the @keyframes at-rule.
    CSS Transforms Level 1 Working Draft

    Adds:

    • the support of bi-dimensional transforms to be applied to any element using the CSS transform and transform-origin properties. The supported transforms are: matrix(), translate(), translateX(), translateY(), scale(), scaleX(), scaleY(), rotate(), skewX(), and skewY().
    • the support of tri-dimensional transforms to be applied to any element by adding the CSS transform-style, perspective, perspective-origin, and backface-visibility properties and extended the transform property with the following transforms are: matrix 3d(), translate3d(), translateZ(),  scale3d(), scaleZ(), rotate3d(), rotateX() ,rotateY(), rotateZ(), and perspective().

    Note: this specification is a merge of CSS 2D-Transforms, CSS 3D-Transforms and SVG transforms.

    CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3 Candidate Recommendation
    Defines how partitions of a Web page should happen, that is page, column breaks, and widows and orphans handling.

    Adds:

    • Support for defining the behavior of decorations, that is borders and background colors or images, when a box is breaked (at a page, column or line-break) with the CSS box-decoration-break property.
    CSS Text Level 3 Working Draft

    Extends:

    • the CSS text-transform property with the value full-width.
    • the CSS text-align property with the value start, end, start end, and match-parent for a better support of documents with multiple directionalities of text.
    • the CSS text-align property with a <string> value to align on that character. This is useful to align number on the decimal point.
    • the CSS word-spacing and letter-spacing properties with range constraints to control flexibility in justification.

    Adds:

    A few features present in early CSS Text Level 3 draft have being postponed to the next iteration of this module .

    CSS Custom Properties for Cascading Variables Module Level 1 Working Draft
    Defines a mechanism allowing to define variables in CSS.

    Modules in the revising phase

    Modules that are in the revising phase are much less stable than those in the refining phase. Often the syntax is still under scrutiny and may evolve a lot, in a non-compatible way. Alternative syntax are tested and often implemented.

    CSS Writing Modes Module Level 3 Candidate Recommendation
    Defines the writing modes of both horizontal and vertical scripts and precises how the CSS direction and unicode-bidi properties interact with the new CSS text-orientation property, and extends them where needed.

    Modules in the exploring phase

    CSS Image Values and Replaced Content Module Level 4 Working Draft

    Extends:

    • the image() functional notation to describe the directionality of the image (rtl or ltr), allowing for bidi-sensitive images.
    • the image-orientation property by adding the keyword from-image, allowing to follow EXIF data stored into images to be considered.

    Adds:

    • the image-set() functional notation to allow the definition to equivalent images at different resolution allowing for resolution-negotiated selection of images.
    • the element() functional notation allowing the use of part of the page as image.
    • the cross-fade() functional notation allowing to refer to intermediate images when transitioning between two images and defines the interpolation between two images.
    • the conic-gradient() and repeating-conic-gradient() functional notation describing a new type of gradient.
    • the image-rendering property that allow to define how resize of the object should be handled.
    CSS Device Adaptation Working Draft
    Adds a new at-rule, @viewport, allowing to specify the size, zoom factor, and orientation of the viewport that is used as the base for the initial containing block.
    CSS Grid Layout Working Draft
    Add a grid layout to the CSS display property and several new CSS properties to control it: grid, grid-area, grid-auto-columns, grid-auto-flow, grid-auto-position, grid-auto-rows, grid-column, grid-column-start, grid-column-end, grid-row, grid-row-start, grid-row-end, grid-template, grid-template-areas, grid-template-rows, and grid-template-columns.
    CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module Working Draft
    Adds the ability to tailor printed version of a document by allowing to control header, footer but also references tables like indexes or tables of content.
    Unknown Unknown
    Extends the floats mechanism to define exclusion regions in any positioning scheme. Adds the notion of shapes, in which content must flows.
    CSS Lists and Counters Module Level 3 Working Draft
    Extends the list counter mechanism so that list markers can be styled and Web developers can define new list counter schemes.
    CSS Regions Module Level 1 Working Draft
    Defines a new mechanism allowing content to flow across, eventually non-contiguous, multiple areas called regions.

     

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