window.postMessage

window.postMessage 是一个安全的跨源通信的方法。一般情况下，当且仅当执行脚本的页面使用相同的协议（通常都是 http）、相同的端口（http默认使用80端口）和相同的 host（两个页面的 document.domain 的值相同）时，才允许不同页面上的脚本互相访问。 window.postMessage 提供了一个可控的机制来安全地绕过这一限制，当其在正确使用的情况下。

调用 window.postMessage时,将分发一个MessageEvent事件到目标窗口, 在所有挂起必须执行的脚本完成后.  (例如：当一个事件处理程序调用window.postMessage时,仍剩余事件处理程序,  先前的挂起等待超时等)。MessageEvent 有消息类型，它被设置为第一个参数值提供给window.postMessage的data属性， 对应的window调用window.postMessage的时候，window.postMessage主文档的来源的origin属性被称为源属性，指哪个调用window.postMessage的窗口。 (事件的其他标准属性都存在与对应的预期值。)

语法

otherWindow.postMessage(message, targetOrigin);

otherWindow

其他窗口的一个引用，比如iframe的contentWindow属性、执行window.open返回的窗口对象、或者是命名过或数值索引的window.frames。

message

将要发送到其他 window的数据。将会被结构化克隆算法序列化。这意味着你可不受什么限制的安全传送数据对象给目标窗口而无需自己序列化。[1]

targetOrigin

通过窗口的origin属性来指定哪些窗口能接收到消息事件，其值可以是字符串"*"（表示无限制）或者一个URI。在发送消息的时候，如果目标窗口的协议、主机地址或端口这三者的任意一项不匹配targetOrigin提供的值，那么消息就不会被发送；只有三者完全匹配，消息才会被发送。这个机制用来控制消息可以发送到哪些窗口；例如，当用postMessage传送密码时，这个参数就显得尤为重要，必须保证它的值与这条包含密码的信息的预期接受者的orign属性完全一致，来防止密码被恶意的第三方截获。如果你明确的知道消息应该发送到哪个窗口，那么请始终提供一个有确切值的targetOrigin，而不是*。不提供确切的目标将导致数据泄露到任何对数据感兴趣的恶意站点。

transfer 可选

Is a sequence of Transferable objects that are transferred with the message. The ownership of these objects is given to the destination side and they are no longer usable on the sending side.

The dispatched event

执行如下代码, 其他window可以监听派遣的message:

window.addEventListener("message", receiveMessage, false);

function receiveMessage(event)
{
  // For Chrome, the origin property is in the event.originalEvent
  // object.
  var origin = event.origin || event.originalEvent.origin; 
  if (event.origin !== "https://example.org:8080")
    return;

  // ...
}

The properties of the dispatched message are:

data

The object passed from the other window.

origin

The origin of the window that sent the message at the time postMessage was called. This string is the concatenation of the protocol and "://", the host name if one exists, and ":" followed by a port number if a port is present and differs from the default port for the given protocol. Examples of typical origins are https://example.org (implying port 443), https://example.net (implying port 80), and https://example.com:8080. Note that this origin is not guaranteed to be the current or future origin of that window, which might have been navigated to a different location since postMessage was called.

source

A reference to the window object that sent the message; you can use this to establish two-way communication between two windows with different origins.

安全问题

If you do not expect to receive messages from other sites, do not add any event listeners for message events. This is a completely foolproof way to avoid security problems.

If you do expect to receive messages from other sites, always verify the sender's identity using the origin and possibly source properties. Any window (including, for example, https://evil.example.com) can send a message to any other window, and you have no guarantees that an unknown sender will not send malicious messages. Having verified identity, however, you still should always verify the syntax of the received message. Otherwise, a security hole in the site you trusted to send only trusted messages could then open a cross-site scripting hole in your site.

Always specify an exact target origin, not *, when you use postMessage to send data to other windows. A malicious site can change the location of the window without your knowledge, and therefore it can intercept the data sent using postMessage.

示例

/*
 * In window A's scripts, with A being on <https://example.com:8080>:
 */

var popup = window.open(...popup details...);

// When the popup has fully loaded, if not blocked by a popup blocker:

// This does nothing, assuming the window hasn't changed its location.
popup.postMessage("The user is 'bob' and the password is 'secret'",
                  "https://secure.example.net");

// This will successfully queue a message to be sent to the popup, assuming
// the window hasn't changed its location.
popup.postMessage("hello there!", "https://example.org");

function receiveMessage(event)
{
  // Do we trust the sender of this message?  (might be
  // different from what we originally opened, for example).
  if (event.origin !== "https://example.org")
    return;

  // event.source is popup
  // event.data is "hi there yourself!  the secret response is: rheeeeet!"
}
window.addEventListener("message", receiveMessage, false);

/*
 * In the popup's scripts, running on <https://example.org>:
 */

// Called sometime after postMessage is called
function receiveMessage(event)
{
  // Do we trust the sender of this message?
  if (event.origin !== "https://example.com:8080")
    return;

  // event.source is window.opener
  // event.data is "hello there!"

  // Assuming you've verified the origin of the received message (which
  // you must do in any case), a convenient idiom for replying to a
  // message is to call postMessage on event.source and provide
  // event.origin as the targetOrigin.
  event.source.postMessage("hi there yourself!  the secret response " +
                           "is: rheeeeet!",
                           event.origin);
}

window.addEventListener("message", receiveMessage, false);

Notes

Any window may access this method on any other window, at any time, regardless of the location of the document in the window, to send it a message. Consequently, any event listener used to receive messages must first check the identity of the sender of the message, using the origin and possibly source properties. This cannot be understated: Failure to check the origin and possibly source properties enables cross-site scripting attacks.

As with any asynchronously-dispatched script (timeouts, user-generated events), it is not possible for the caller of postMessage to detect when an event handler listening for events sent by postMessage throws an exception.

The value of the origin property of the dispatched event is not affected by the current value of document.domain in the calling window.

For IDN host names only, the value of the origin property is not consistently Unicode or punycode; for greatest compatibility check for both the IDN and punycode values when using this property if you expect messages from IDN sites. This value will eventually be consistently IDN, but for now you should handle both IDN and punycode forms.

The value of the origin property when the sending window contains a javascript: or data: URL is the origin of the script that loaded the URL.

Using window.postMessage in extensions

window.postMessage is available to JavaScript running in chrome code (e.g. in extensions and privileged code), but the source property of the dispatched event is always null as a security restriction. (The other properties have their expected values.) The targetOrigin argument for a message sent to a window located at a chrome: URL is currently misinterpreted such that the only value which will result in a message being sent is "*". Since this value is unsafe when the target window can be navigated elsewhere by a malicious site, it is recommended that postMessage not be used to communicate with chrome: pages for now; use a different method (such as a query string when the window is opened) to communicate with chrome windows. Lastly, posting a message to a page at a file: URL currently requires that the targetOrigin argument be "*". file:// cannot be used as a security restriction; this restriction may be modified in the future.

规范

浏览器支持

[1] Prior to Gecko 6.0 (Firefox 6.0 / Thunderbird 6.0 / SeaMonkey 2.3), the message parameter must be a string. Starting in Gecko 6.0 (Firefox 6.0 / Thunderbird 6.0 / SeaMonkey 2.3), the message parameter is serialized using the structured clone algorithm. This means you can pass a broad variety of data objects safely to the destination window without having to serialize them yourself.

[2] Gecko 8.0 introduced support for sending File and FileList objects between windows. This is only allowed if the recipient's principal is contained within the sender's principal for security reasons.

[3] IE8 and IE9 only support it for <frame> and <iframe>.

[4] IE10 has important limitations: see this article for details.

相关链接

• document.domain
• CustomEvent
• Interaction between privileged and non-privileged pages