WindowTimers.setTimeout()

Краткое изложение

Вызов функции или выполнение фрагмента кода после указанной задержки.

Синтаксис

var timeoutID = window.setTimeout(func, delay, [param1, param2, ...]);
var timeoutID = window.setTimeout(code, delay);

где

• timeoutID - это числовой ID, который может быть использован позже с window.clearTimeout().
• func - это функция, которую требуется вызвать после delay миллисекунд.
• code - в альтернативном варианте применения это строка, содержащая код, который вы хотите выполнить после delay миллисекунд (использовать этот метод не рекомендуется по тем же причинам, что и eval())
• delay -  задержка в миллисекундах (тысячных долях секунды), после которой будет выполнен вызов функции. Реальная задержка может быть больше; см. Notes ниже.

Необходимо принять во внимание, что передача дополнительных параметров функции в первом варианте не работает в Internet Explorer 9 и ниже. Для использования этого функционала в таких браузерах, необходимо использовать код для совместимости (см. раздел Callback arguments).

Пример

The following example sets up two simple buttons in a web page and hooks them to the setTimeout and clearTimeout routines. Pressing the first button will set a timeout which calls an alert dialog after two seconds and stores the timeout id for use by clearTimeout. You may optionally cancel this timeout by pressing on the second button.

HTML Content

<p>Live Example</p>
<button onclick="delayedAlert();">Show an alert box after two seconds</button>
<p></p>
<button onclick="clearAlert();">Cancel alert before it happens</button>

JavaScript Content

var timeoutID;

function delayedAlert() {
  timeoutID = window.setTimeout(slowAlert, 2000);
}

function slowAlert() {
  alert("That was really slow!");
}

function clearAlert() {
  window.clearTimeout(timeoutID);
}

See also clearTimeout() example.

Аргументы функции обратного вызова

If you need to pass an argument to your callback function, but need it to work in Internet Explorer 9 and below, which doesn't support sending additional parameters (neither with setTimeout() or setInterval()) you can include this IE-specific compatibility code which will enable the HTML5 standard parameters passage functionality in that browser for both timers just by inserting it at the beginning of your scripts.

/*\
|*|
|*|  IE-specific polyfill which enables the passage of arbitrary arguments to the
|*|  callback functions of JavaScript timers (HTML5 standard syntax).
|*|
|*|  https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.setInterval
|*|
|*|  Syntax:
|*|  var timeoutID = window.setTimeout(func, delay, [param1, param2, ...]);
|*|  var timeoutID = window.setTimeout(code, delay);
|*|  var intervalID = window.setInterval(func, delay[, param1, param2, ...]);
|*|  var intervalID = window.setInterval(code, delay);
|*|
\*/

if (document.all && !window.setTimeout.isPolyfill) {
  var __nativeST__ = window.setTimeout;
  window.setTimeout = function (vCallback, nDelay /*, argumentToPass1, argumentToPass2, etc. */) {
    var aArgs = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2);
    return __nativeST__(vCallback instanceof Function ? function () {
      vCallback.apply(null, aArgs);
    } : vCallback, nDelay);
  };
  window.setTimeout.isPolyfill = true;
}

if (document.all && !window.setInterval.isPolyfill) {
  var __nativeSI__ = window.setInterval;
  window.setInterval = function (vCallback, nDelay /*, argumentToPass1, argumentToPass2, etc. */) {
    var aArgs = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2);
    return __nativeSI__(vCallback instanceof Function ? function () {
      vCallback.apply(null, aArgs);
    } : vCallback, nDelay);
  };
  window.setInterval.isPolyfill = true;
}

Правка только для IE

If you want a completely unobtrusive hack for every other mobile or desktop browser, including IE 9 and below, you can either use JavaScript conditional comments:

/*@cc_on
  // conditional IE < 9 only fix
  @if (@_jscript_version <= 6)
  (function(f){
     window.setTimeout =f(window.setTimeout);
     window.setInterval =f(window.setInterval);
  })(function(f){return function(c,t){var a=[].slice.call(arguments,2);return f(function(){c.apply(this,a)},t)}});
  @end
@*/

Or go for a very clean approach based on the IE HTML conditional feature:

<!--[if lte IE 9]><script>
(function(f){
window.setTimeout =f(window.setTimeout);
window.setInterval =f(window.setInterval);
})(function(f){return function(c,t){
var a=[].slice.call(arguments,2);return f(function(){c.apply(this,a)},t)}
});
</script><![endif]-->

Another possibility is to use an anonymous function to call your callback, but this solution is a bit more expensive. Example:

var intervalID = setTimeout(function() { myFunc("one", "two", "three"); }, 1000);

Yet another possibility is to use function's bind. Example:

setTimeout(function(arg1){}.bind(undefined, 10));

Проблема с "this"

Когда вы передаете метод в setTimeout() (или в любую другую функцию, если на то пошло), то вызов будет осуществлен с неправильным значением this. Эта проблема разъясняется детально в JavaScript reference.

Explanation

Code executed by setTimeout() is run in a separate execution context to the function from which it was called. As a consequence, the this keyword for the called function will be set to the window (or global) object; it will not be the same as the this value for the function that called setTimeout. See the following example:

myArray = ["zero", "one", "two"];
myArray.myMethod = function (sProperty) {
    alert(arguments.length > 0 ? this[sProperty] : this);
};

myArray.myMethod(); // prints "zero,one,two"
myArray.myMethod(1); // prints "one"
setTimeout(myArray.myMethod, 1000); // prints "[object Window]" after 1 second
setTimeout(myArray.myMethod, 1500, "1"); // prints "undefined" after 1.5 seconds
// let's try to pass the 'this' object
setTimeout.call(myArray, myArray.myMethod, 2000); // error: "NS_ERROR_XPC_BAD_OP_ON_WN_PROTO: Illegal operation on WrappedNative prototype object"
setTimeout.call(myArray, myArray.myMethod, 2500, 2); // same error

As you can see there are no ways to pass the this object to the callback function.

Возможное решение

A possible way to solve the "this" problem is to replace the two native setTimeout() or setInterval() global functions with two non-native ones which will enable their invocation through the Function.prototype.call method. The following example shows a possible replacement:

// Enable the passage of the 'this' object through the JavaScript timers
 
var __nativeST__ = window.setTimeout, __nativeSI__ = window.setInterval;
 
window.setTimeout = function (vCallback, nDelay /*, argumentToPass1, argumentToPass2, etc. */) {
  var oThis = this, aArgs = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2);
  return __nativeST__(vCallback instanceof Function ? function () {
    vCallback.apply(oThis, aArgs);
  } : vCallback, nDelay);
};
 
window.setInterval = function (vCallback, nDelay /*, argumentToPass1, argumentToPass2, etc. */) {
  var oThis = this, aArgs = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 2);
  return __nativeSI__(vCallback instanceof Function ? function () {
    vCallback.apply(oThis, aArgs);
  } : vCallback, nDelay);
};

New feature test:

myArray = ["zero", "one", "two"];
myArray.myMethod = function (sProperty) {
    alert(arguments.length > 0 ? this[sProperty] : this);
};

setTimeout(alert, 1500, "Hello world!"); // the standard use of setTimeout and setInterval is preserved, but...
setTimeout.call(myArray, myArray.myMethod, 2000); // prints "zero,one,two" after 2 seconds
setTimeout.call(myArray, myArray.myMethod, 2500, 2); // prints "two" after 2.5 seconds

There are not native solutions ad hoc to this problem.

Замечания

Отложенное выполнение кода можно отменить, используя window.clearTimeout(). Если функция должна вызываться неоднократно (например, каждые N миллисекунд), необходимо использовать window.setInterval().

Важно заметить, что функция или код не могут быть выполнены, пока не завершится поток, вызвавший setTimeout().

Passing string literals

Passing a string instead of a function to setTimeout() suffers from the same hazards as using eval.

// Correct
window.setTimeout(function() {
    alert("Hello World!");
}, 500);

// Incorrect
window.setTimeout("alert(\"Hello World!\");", 500);

String literals are evaluated in the global context, so local symbols in the context where setTimeout() was called will not be available when the string is evaluated as code.

Minimum/ maximum delay and timeout nesting

Historically browsers implement setTimeout() "clamping": successive setTimeout() calls with delay smaller than the "minimum delay" limit are forced to use at least the minimum delay. The minimum delay, DOM_MIN_TIMEOUT_VALUE, is 4 ms (stored in a preference in Firefox: dom.min_timeout_value), with a DOM_CLAMP_TIMEOUT_NESTING_LEVEL of 5ms.

In fact, 4ms is specified by the HTML5 spec and is consistent across browsers released in 2010 and onward. Prior to (Firefox 5.0 / Thunderbird 5.0 / SeaMonkey 2.2), the minimum timeout value for nested timeouts was 10 ms.

In addition to "clamping", the timeout can also fire later when the page (or the OS/browser itself) is busy with other tasks.

To implement a 0 ms timeout in a modern browser, you can use window.postMessage() as described here.

Browsers including Internet Explorer, Chrome, Safari, and Firefox store the delay as a 32-bit signed Integer internally. This causes an Integer overflow when using delays larger than 2147483647, resulting in the timeout being executed immediately.

Inactive tabs

In (Firefox 5.0 / Thunderbird 5.0 / SeaMonkey 2.2) and Chrome 11, timeouts are clamped to firing no more often than once per second (1000ms) in inactive tabs; see ошибка 633421 for more information about this in Mozilla or crbug.com/66078 for details about this in Chrome.

Совместимость с браузерами

*1 Whether it supports the optional parameters when in its first form or not.

Спецификация

Part of DOM level 0, as specified in HTML5.

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