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    Found 268 pages:

    # Page Tags and summary
    1 Network Security Services JSS, NSS, NeedsMigration
    Network Security Services (NSS) is a set of libraries designed to support cross-platform development of security-enabled client and server applications. Applications built with NSS can support SSL v3, TLS, PKCS #5, PKCS #7, PKCS #11, PKCS #12, S/MIME, X.509 v3 certificates, and other security standards.
    2 An overview of NSS Internals
    Editorial review completed.
    3 Building NSS Guide, NSS, Security
    This page has detailed information on how to build NSS. Because NSS is a cross-platform library that builds on many different platforms and has many options, it may be complex to build. Please read these instructions carefully before attempting to build.
    4 CERT_FindCertByDERCert NSS
    No summary!
    5 CERT_FindCertByIssuerAndSN NSS
    No summary!
    6 Certificate functions NSS
    The public functions listed here are used to interact with certificate databases.
    7 Cryptography functions NSS
    The public functions listed here perform cryptographic operations based on the PKCS #11 interface.
    8 Deprecated SSL functions NSS
    The following SSL functions have been replaced with newer versions. The deprecated functions are not supported by the new SSL shared libraries. Applications that want to use the SSL shared libraries must convert to calling the new replacement functions listed below.
    9 FIPS Mode - an explanation NSS
    NSS, and all the programs that use NSS, such as Firefox and Thunderbird, have a "FIPS Mode".  This page attempts to provide an informal explanation of what it is, who would use it, and why.
    10 Function_Name NSS
    No summary!
    11 Getting Started With NSS Samples WIP
    Network Security Services (NSS) is a base library for cryptographic algorithms and secure network protocols used by Mozilla software.

    Would you like to get involved and help us to improve the core security of Mozilla Firefox and other applications that make use of NSS? We are looking forward to your contributions!

    We have a large list of tasks waiting for attention, and we are happy to assist you in identifying areas that match your interest or skills. You can find us on irc.mozilla.org in channel #nss or you could ask your questions on the mozilla.dev.tech.crypto newsgroup.
    12 HTTP delegation Advanced, Guide, NSS
    Up to version 3.11, NSS connects directly over HTTP to an OCSP responder to make the request and fetch the response. It does so in a blocking fashion, and also directly to the responder, ignoring any proxy the application may wish to use. This causes OCSP requests to fail if the network environment requires the use of a proxy.
    13 HTTP delegation Advanced, Guide, NSS
    Up to version 3.11, NSS connects directly over HTTP to an OCSP responder to make the request and fetch the response. It does so in a blocking fashion, and also directly to the responder, ignoring any proxy the application may wish to use. This causes OCSP requests to fail if the network environment requires the use of a proxy.
    14 Index
    Found 268 pages:
    15 Introduction to Network Security Services Introduction, Mozilla, NSS
    Network Security Services (NSS) is a set of libraries designed to support cross-platform development of communications applications that support SSL, S/MIME, and other Internet security standards. For a general overview of NSS and the standards it supports, see Overview of NSS.
    16 JSS Guide, JSS, NSS, NeedsMigration
    Network Security Services for Java (JSS) is a Java interface to NSS. JSS supports most of the security standards and encryption technologies supported by NSS. JSS also provides a pure Java interface for ASN.1 types and BER/DER encoding.
    17 4.3 Release Notes JSS, NSS
    Network Security Services for Java (JSS) 4.3 is a minor release with the following new features:
    18 4.3.1 Release Notes JSS, NSPR, NSS
    Network Security Services for Java (JSS) 4.3.1 is a minor release with the following new features:
    19 Build instructions for JSS 4.3.x JSS
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    20 JSS FAQ JSS
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    21 JSS Provider Notes Crypto, JSS, Security
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    22 Mozilla-JSS JCA Provider notes
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    23 Using JSS JSS
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    24 NSS 3.12.4 release notes
    <center></center>
    25 NSS 3.12.6 release notes
    No summary!
    26 NSS 3.12.9 release notes NSS
    <center> 2010-09-23</center> <center> Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto</center></center>
    27 NSS 3.14 release notes
    The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14, which is a minor release with the following new features:
    28 NSS 3.14.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.1 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    29 NSS 3.14.2 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.2 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below. NSS 3.14.2 should be used with NSPR 4.9.5 or newer.
    30 NSS 3.14.3 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.3 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    31 NSS 3.14.4 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.4 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    32 NSS 3.14.5 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.14.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.14. The bug fixes in NSS 3.14.5 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    33 NSS 3.15 release notes
    The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15, which is a minor release.
    34 NSS 3.15.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.1 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    35 NSS 3.15.2 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.2 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    36 NSS 3.15.3 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.3 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    37 NSS 3.15.3.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.3.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.3.1 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    38 NSS 3.15.4 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.4 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    39 NSS 3.15.5 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.15.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.15. The bug fixes in NSS 3.15.5 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    40 NSS 3.16 release notes
    The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16, which is a minor release.
    41 NSS 3.16.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.1 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    42 NSS 3.16.2 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.2 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    43 NSS 3.16.2.1 release notes Reference, Référence, Security
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.2.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.16, based on the NSS 3.16.2 release. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.2.1 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    44 NSS 3.16.2.2 release notes Reference, Référence, Security
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.2.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.2.2 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    45 NSS 3.16.2.3 release notes Reference, Référence, Security
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.2.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.2.3 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    46 NSS 3.16.3 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.3 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    47 NSS 3.16.4 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.4 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    48 NSS 3.16.5 release notes Reference, Référence, Security
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.5 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.5 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    49 NSS 3.16.6 release notes Reference, Référence, Security
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.16.6 is a patch release for NSS 3.16. The bug fixes in NSS 3.16.6 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    50 NSS 3.17 release notes
    The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17, which is a minor release.
    51 NSS 3.17.1 release notes Reference, Référence, Security
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.17. The bug fixes in NSS 3.17.1 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    52 NSS 3.17.2 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.17. The bug fixes in NSS 3.17.2 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    53 NSS 3.17.3 release notes Guide, NSS, Security
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.17. The bug fixes in NSS 3.17.3 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    54 NSS 3.17.4 release notes Guide, NSS, Security
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.17.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.17. The bug fixes in NSS 3.17.4 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    55 NSS 3.18 release notes Guide, NSS, NeedsContent, Security
    The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.18, which is a minor release.
    56 NSS 3.18.1 release notes Networking, Security
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.18.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.18. The bug fixes in NSS 3.18.1 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    57 NSS 3.19 release notes
    The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19, which is a minor security release.
    58 NSS 3.19.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.1 is a security release for NSS 3.19. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.1 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    59 NSS 3.19.2 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.19 that addresses compatibility issues in NSS 3.19.1.
    60 NSS 3.19.2.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.19.2. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.2.1 are described in the "Security Advisories" section below.
    61 NSS 3.19.2.2 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2.2 is a security patch release for NSS 3.19.2. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.2.2 are described in the "Security Fixes" section below.
    62 NSS 3.19.2.3 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2.3 is a security patch release for NSS 3.19.2. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.2.3 are described in the "Security Fixes" section below.
    63 NSS 3.19.2.4 release notes NSS
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.2.4 is a security patch release for NSS 3.19.2. The bug fixed in NSS 3.19.2.4 have been described in the "Security Fixes" section below.
    64 NSS 3.19.3 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.19. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.3 are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    65 NSS 3.19.4 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.19.4 is a patch release for NSS 3.19. The bug fixes in NSS 3.19.4 are described in the "Security Advisories" section below.
    66 NSS 3.20 release notes
    Editorial review completed.
    67 NSS 3.20.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.20.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.20. The bug fixes in NSS 3.20.1 are described in the "Security Advisories" section below.
    68 NSS 3.20.2 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.20.2 is a security patch release for NSS 3.20. The bug fixes in NSS 3.20.2 are described in the "Security Fixes" section below.
    69 NSS 3.21 release notes
    2016-01-07, this page has been updated to include additional information about the release. The sections "Security Fixes" and "Acknowledgements" have been added.
    70 NSS 3.21.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.21.1 is a security patch release for NSS 3.21. The bug fixes in NSS 3.21.1 are described in the "Security Fixes" section below.
    71 NSS 3.22 release notes
    The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.22, which is a minor release.
    72 NSS 3.22.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.22.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.22. The bug fixes in NSS 3.22.1 are described in the "Notable Changes" section below.
    73 NSS 3.22.2 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.22.2 is a security patch release for NSS 3.22. The bug fixes in NSS 3.22.2 are described in the "Security Fixes" section below.
    74 NSS 3.22.3 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.22.3 is a patch release for NSS 3.22. The bug fixes in NSS 3.22.3 are described in the "Bugs fixed" section below.
    75 NSS 3.23 release notes Networking, Security
    The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.23, which is a minor release.
    76 NSS 3.24 release notes NSS, Release Notes
    The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.24, which is a minor release.
    77 NSS 3.25 release notes NSS, Release Notes
    The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.25, which is a minor release.
    78 NSS 3.25.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.25.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.25.
    79 NSS 3.26 release notes NSS, Release Notes, release notes
    The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.26, which is a minor release.
    80 NSS 3.26.2 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.26.2 is a patch release for NSS 3.26.
    81 NSS 3.27 release notes
    The Network Security Services (NSS) team has released NSS 3.27, which is a minor release.
    82 NSS 3.27.1 release notes
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.27.1 is a patch release for NSS 3.27.
    83 NSS API Guidelines
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    84 NSS CERTVerify Log NSS
    All the NSS verify functions except, the *VerifyNow() functions, take a parameter called 'CERTVerifyLog'. If you supply the log parameter, NSS will continue chain validation after each error . The log tells you what the problem was with the chain and what certificate in the chain failed.
    85 NSS Certificate Download Specification NSS
    This document describes the data formats used by NSS 3.x for installing certificates. This document is currently being revised and has not yet been reviewed for accuracy.
    86 NSS Code Coverage NSS
    No summary!
    87 NSS Developer Tutorial NSS, Tutorial
    No summary!
    88 NSS FAQ NSS, NeedsUpdate
    NSS is set of libraries, APIs, utilities, and documentation designed to support cross-platform development of security-enabled client and server applications. It provides a complete open-source implementation of the crypto libraries used by Mozilla and other companies in the Firefox browser, AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), server products from Red Hat, and other products.
    89 NSS Key Log Format
    Key logs can be written by NSS so that external programs can decrypt TLS connections. Wireshark 1.6.0 and above can use these log files to decrypt packets. You can tell Wireshark where to find the key file via Edit→Preferences→Protocols→SSL→(Pre)-Master-Secret log filename.
    90 NSS Memory allocation NSS
    NSS makes extensive use of NSPR's PLArenaPools for memory allocation.
    91 NSS PKCS11 Functions NSS
    This chapter describes the core PKCS #11 functions that an application needs for communicating with cryptographic modules. In particular, these functions are used for obtaining certificates, keys, and passwords. This was converted from "Chapter 7: PKCS #11 Functions".
    92 NSS Releases Landing, NSS, Security
    The current Stable release of NSS is 3.27.1, which was released on October 3, 2016. Instructions on how to obtain NSS 3.27.1 can be found in the Release Notes.
    93 NSS Sample Code Example
    The collection of sample code here demonstrates how NSS can be used for cryptographic operations, certificate handling, SSL, etc. It also demonstrates some best practices in the application of cryptography.
    94 NSS Sample Code Sample1
    This is an example program that demonstrates how to do key generation and transport between cooperating servers.  This program shows the following:
    95 NSS Sample Code Sample_1_Hashing Examples, NSS, Security
    This is an example program that demonstrates how to compute the hash of a file and save it to another file.  This program illustrates the use of NSS message APIs.
    96 NSS Sample Code Sample_2_Initialization of NSS Examples, NSS, Security
    This example program demonstrates how to initialize the NSS Database.  This program illustrates password handling.
    97 NSS Sample Code Sample_3_Basic Encryption and MACing Examples, NSS, Security
    This example program demonstrates how to encrypt and MAC a file.
    98 NSS Sample Code Utilities_1 Examples, NSS, Security
    This is a library of utilities used by many of the samples.  This code shows the following:
    99 NSS Sample Code sample2

    /* Example code to illustrate DES enccryption/decryption using NSS.
     * The example skips the details of obtaining the Key & IV to use, and
     * just uses a hardcoded Key & IV.
     * Note: IV is only needed if Cipher Blocking Chaining (CBC) mode of encryption
     *       is used
     *
     * The recommended approach is to store and transport WRAPPED (encrypted)
     * DES Keys (IVs can be in the clear). However, it is a common (and dangerous)
     * practice to use raw DES Keys. This example shows the use of a RAW key.
     */


    #include "nss.h"
    #include "pk11pub.h"

    /* example Key & IV */
    unsigned char gKey[] = {0xe8, 0xa7, 0x7c, 0xe2, 0x05, 0x63, 0x6a, 0x31};
    unsigned char gIV[] = {0xe4, 0xbb, 0x3b, 0xd3, 0xc3, 0x71, 0x2e, 0x58};

    int main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
      CK_MECHANISM_TYPE  cipherMech;
      PK11SlotInfo*      slot = NULL;
      PK11SymKey*        SymKey = NULL;
      SECItem*           SecParam = NULL;
      PK11Context*       EncContext = NULL;
      SECItem            keyItem, ivItem;
      SECStatus          rv, rv1, rv2;
      unsigned char      data[1024], buf1[1024], buf2[1024];
      int                i, result_len, tmp1_outlen, tmp2_outlen;

      /* Initialize NSS
       * If your application code has already initialized NSS, you can skip it
       * here.
       * This code uses the simplest of the Init functions, which does not
       * require a NSS database to exist
       */
      rv = NSS_NoDB_Init(".");
      if (rv != SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "NSS initialization failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto out;
      }

      /* choose mechanism: CKM_DES_CBC_PAD, CKM_DES3_ECB, CKM_DES3_CBC..... 
       * Note that some mechanisms (*_PAD) imply the padding is handled for you
       * by NSS. If you choose something else, then data padding is the
       * application's responsibility
       */
      cipherMech = CKM_DES_CBC_PAD;
      slot = PK11_GetBestSlot(cipherMech, NULL);
      /* slot = PK11_GetInternalKeySlot(); is a simpler alternative but in
       * theory, it *may not* return the optimal slot for the operation. For
       * DES ops, Internal slot is typically the best slot
       */
      if (slot == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Unable to find security device (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto out;
      }

      /* NSS passes blobs around as SECItems. These contain a pointer to
       * data and a length. Turn the raw key into a SECItem. */
      keyItem.type = siBuffer;
      keyItem.data = gKey;
      keyItem.len = sizeof(gKey);

      /* Turn the raw key into a key object. We use PK11_OriginUnwrap
       * to indicate the key was unwrapped - which is what should be done
       * normally anyway - using raw keys isn't a good idea */
      SymKey = PK11_ImportSymKey(slot, cipherMech, PK11_OriginUnwrap, CKA_ENCRYPT,
                                 &keyItem, NULL);
      if (SymKey == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failure to import key into NSS (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto out;
      }

      /* set up the PKCS11 encryption paramters.
       * when not using CBC mode, ivItem.data and ivItem.len can be 0, or you
       * can simply pass NULL for the iv parameter in PK11_ParamFromIV func
       */
      ivItem.type = siBuffer;
      ivItem.data = gIV;
      ivItem.len = sizeof(gIV);
      SecParam = PK11_ParamFromIV(cipherMech, &ivItem);
      if (SecParam == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failure to set up PKCS11 param (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto out;
      }

      /* sample data we'll encrypt and decrypt */
      strcpy(data, "Encrypt me!");
      fprintf(stderr, "Clear Data: %s\n", data);

      /* ========================= START SECTION ============================= */
      /* If using the the same key and iv over and over, stuff before this     */
      /* section and after this section needs to be done only ONCE             */

      /* ENCRYPT data into buf1. buf1 len must be atleast (data len + 8) */
      tmp1_outlen = tmp2_outlen = 0;
     
      /* Create cipher context */
      EncContext = PK11_CreateContextBySymKey(cipherMech, CKA_ENCRYPT,
                                              SymKey, SecParam);
      rv1 = PK11_CipherOp(EncContext, buf1, &tmp1_outlen, sizeof(buf1),
                          data, strlen(data)+1);
      rv2 = PK11_DigestFinal(EncContext, buf1+tmp1_outlen, &tmp2_outlen,
                             sizeof(buf1)-tmp1_outlen);
      PK11_DestroyContext(EncContext, PR_TRUE);
      result_len = tmp1_outlen + tmp2_outlen;
      if (rv1 != SECSuccess || rv2 != SECSuccess)
        goto out;

      fprintf(stderr, "Encrypted Data: ");
      for (i=0; i<result_len; i++)
        fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", buf1[i]);
      fprintf(stderr, "\n");


      /* DECRYPT buf1 into buf2. buf2 len must be atleast buf1 len */
      tmp1_outlen = tmp2_outlen = 0;
     
      /* Create cipher context */
      EncContext = PK11_CreateContextBySymKey(cipherMech, CKA_DECRYPT,
                                              SymKey, SecParam);
      rv1 = PK11_CipherOp(EncContext, buf2, &tmp1_outlen, sizeof(buf2),
                          buf1, result_len);
      rv2 = PK11_DigestFinal(EncContext, buf2+tmp1_outlen, &tmp2_outlen,
                             result_len-tmp1_outlen);
      PK11_DestroyContext(EncContext, PR_TRUE);
      result_len = tmp1_outlen + tmp2_outlen;
      if (rv1 != SECSuccess || rv2 != SECSuccess)
        goto out;
     
      fprintf(stderr, "Decrypted Data: %s\n", buf2);

      /* =========================== END SECTION ============================= */

     
    out:
      if (SymKey)
        PK11_FreeSymKey(SymKey);
      if (SecParam)
        SECITEM_FreeItem(SecParam, PR_TRUE);

    }
    100 NSS Sample Code sample3

    /*
     * Demonstration program for hashing and MACs
     */

    #include <iostream.h>

    #include "pk11pub.h"
    #include "nss.h"

    static void
    printDigest(unsigned char *digest, unsigned int len)
    {
      int i;

      cout << "length: " << len << endl;
      for(i = 0;i < len;i++) printf("%02x ", digest[i]);
      cout << endl;
    }

    /*
     * main
     */
    int
    main(int argc, const char *argv[])
    {
      int status = 0;
      PK11SlotInfo *slot = 0;
      PK11SymKey *key = 0;
      PK11Context *context = 0;
      unsigned char data[80];
      unsigned char digest[20]; /*Is there a way to tell how large the output is?*/
      unsigned int len;
      SECStatus s;

      /* Initialize NSS
       * If your application code has already initialized NSS, you can skip it
       * here.
       * This code uses the simplest of the Init functions, which does not
       * require a NSS database to exist
       */
      NSS_NoDB_Init(".");

      /* Get a slot to use for the crypto operations */
      slot = PK11_GetInternalKeySlot();
      if (!slot)
      {
        cout << "GetInternalKeySlot failed" << endl;
        status = 1;
        goto done;
      }

      /*
       *  Part 1 - Simple hashing
       */
      cout << "Part 1 -- Simple hashing" << endl;

      /* Initialize data */
      memset(data, 0xbc, sizeof data);

      /* Create a context for hashing (digesting) */
      context = PK11_CreateDigestContext(SEC_OID_MD5);
      if (!context) { cout << "CreateDigestContext failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestBegin(context);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestBegin failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestOp(context, data, sizeof data);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestUpdate failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestFinal(context, digest, &len, sizeof digest);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestFinal failed" << endl; goto done; }

      /* Print digest */
      printDigest(digest, len);

      PK11_DestroyContext(context, PR_TRUE);
      context = 0;

      /*
       *  Part 2 - Hashing with included secret key
       */
      cout << "Part 2 -- Hashing with included secret key" << endl;

      /* Initialize data */
      memset(data, 0xbc, sizeof data);

      /* Create a Key */
      key = PK11_KeyGen(slot, CKM_GENERIC_SECRET_KEY_GEN, 0, 128, 0);
      if (!key) { cout << "Create key failed" << endl; goto done; }

      cout << (void *)key << endl;

      /* Create parameters for crypto context */
      /* NOTE: params must be provided, but may be empty */
      SECItem noParams;
      noParams.type = siBuffer;
      noParams.data = 0;
      noParams.len = 0;

      /* Create context using the same slot as the key */
    //  context = PK11_CreateDigestContext(SEC_OID_MD5);
      context = PK11_CreateContextBySymKey(CKM_MD5, CKA_DIGEST, key, &noParams);
      if (!context) { cout << "CreateDigestContext failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestBegin(context);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestBegin failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestKey(context, key);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestKey failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestOp(context, data, sizeof data);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestUpdate failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestFinal(context, digest, &len, sizeof digest);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestFinal failed" << endl; goto done; }

      /* Print digest */
      printDigest(digest, len);

      PK11_DestroyContext(context, PR_TRUE);
      context = 0;

      /*
       *  Part 3 - MAC (with secret key)
       */
      cout << "Part 3 -- MAC (with secret key)" << endl;

      /* Initialize data */
      memset(data, 0xbc, sizeof data);

      context = PK11_CreateContextBySymKey(CKM_MD5_HMAC, CKA_SIGN, key, &noParams);
      if (!context) { cout << "CreateContextBySymKey failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestBegin(context);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestBegin failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestOp(context, data, sizeof data);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestOp failed" << endl; goto done; }

      s = PK11_DigestFinal(context, digest, &len, sizeof digest);
      if (s != SECSuccess) { cout << "DigestFinal failed" << endl; goto done; }

      /* Print digest */
      printDigest(digest, len);

      PK11_DestroyContext(context, PR_TRUE);
      context = 0;

    done:
      if (context) PK11_DestroyContext(context, PR_TRUE);  /* freeit ?? */
      if (key) PK11_FreeSymKey(key);
      if (slot) PK11_FreeSlot(slot);

      return status;
    }
    101 NSS Sample Code sample4

    /* Example code to illustrate PKI crypto ops (encrypt with public key,
     * decrypt with private key)
     *
     * Code assumes that you have set up a NSS database with a certificate
     * and a private key. The db password should be "test" and the cert
     * nickname should be "TestCA"
     * Here is one way of doing it:
     *   # create CA cert db, if -f not provided, prompts for passwd
     *   $ certutil -N -d .
     *   # create CA cert, self-signed, generates key-pair, prompts for key
     *   # type, cert type etc
     *   # answers for prompts: 5,9,n,y,-1,n,5,6,7,9,n
     *   $ certutil -S -s "CN=Test CA, O=BOGUS Inc, L=Mtn View, ST=CA, C=US"  \
     *     -n TestCA -t CTu,CTu,CTu -v 60 -x -d . -1 -2 -5
     *
     * There are many ways to setup a public/private key to use - this
     * example shows one of them.
     *
     * This example does not do any padding. It simply encrypts/decrypts a block
     * of length equal to modulus length of the public/private key.
     */


    #include "nss.h"
    #include "pk11pub.h"


    /* this callback is responsible for returning the password to the NSS
     * key database. for example purposes, this function hardcodes the password.
     * In a real app, this function should obtain the password using secure means
     * such as prompting an operator, or retrieving it over a secure communication
     * channel
     */
    char *passwdcb(PK11SlotInfo *info, PRBool retry, void *arg);


    int main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
      SECStatus          rv;
      CERTCertificate   *cert = NULL;
      SECKEYPublicKey   *pubkey = NULL;
      SECKEYPrivateKey  *pvtkey = NULL;
      int                modulus_len, i, outlen;
      char              *buf1 = NULL;
      char              *buf2 = NULL;
     
      /* Initialize NSS */
      PK11_SetPasswordFunc(passwdcb);
      rv = NSS_Init(".");
      if (rv != SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "NSS initialization failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }
     
      cert = PK11_FindCertFromNickname("TestCA", NULL);
      if (cert == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't find cert TestCA in NSS db (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }
     
      pubkey = CERT_ExtractPublicKey(cert);
      if (pubkey == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't extract public key from cert TestCA (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }

      modulus_len = SECKEY_PublicKeyStrength(pubkey);
      fprintf(stderr, "Public Key Modulus %d bytes\n", modulus_len);
      buf1 = (char *)malloc(modulus_len);
      buf2 = (char *)malloc(modulus_len);

      /* initialize buf1 */
      for (i=0;i<modulus_len;i++)
      {
        buf1[i]= (i %26) + 'A';
      }
      buf1[modulus_len-1] = '\0';
      fprintf(stderr, "Buffer being encrypted = \n%s\n", buf1);

      /* encrypt buf1, result will be in buf2 */
      rv = PK11_PubEncryptRaw(pubkey, buf2, buf1, modulus_len, NULL);
      if (rv != SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Encrypt with Public Key failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }
     
      pvtkey = PK11_FindKeyByAnyCert(cert, NULL);
      if (pvtkey == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't find private key for cert TestCA (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }

      /* clear buf1 */
      for (i=0;i<modulus_len;i++)
      {
        buf1[i]= '\0';
      }

      /* decrypt buf2, result will be in buf1 */
      rv = PK11_PubDecryptRaw(pvtkey, buf1, &outlen, modulus_len, buf2,
                              modulus_len);
      if (rv != SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Decrypt with Private Key failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }
     
      fprintf(stderr, "Result of decryption, outlen = %d\n", outlen);
      fprintf(stderr, "Result of decryption, buf = \n%s\n", buf1);

      exit(0);
     
    cleanup:
      if (cert)
        CERT_DestroyCertificate(cert);
      if (pubkey)
        SECKEY_DestroyPublicKey(pubkey);
      if (pvtkey)
        SECKEY_DestroyPrivateKey(pvtkey);
      if (buf1)
        free(buf1);
      if (buf2)
        free(buf2);                          
      exit(1);
    }

    char *passwdcb(PK11SlotInfo *info, PRBool retry, void *arg)
    {
      if (!retry)
        return PL_strdup("test");
      else
        return NULL;
    }
    102 NSS Sample Code sample5

    /* Example code to illustrate PKI crypto ops (encrypt with public key,
     * decrypt with private key)
     *
     * No NSS db needed. The Public Key & Private Key to use are
     * sourced from a base64-encoded DER SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure,
     * and a base64-encoded DER PrivateKeyInfo structure.
     *
     * There is no attempt to link the public & private key together
     *
     * This example does not do any padding. It simply encrypts/decrypts a block
     * of length equal to modulus length of the public/private key.
     */


    #include "nss.h"
    #include "pk11pub.h"

    #define BASE64_ENCODED_SUBJECTPUBLICKEYINFO "MFwwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADSwAwSAJBAL3F6TIc3JEYsugo+a2fPU3W+Epv/FeIX21DC86WYnpFtW4srFtz2oNUzyLUzDHZdb+k//8dcT3IAOzUUi3R2eMCAwEAAQ=="

    #define BASE64_ENCODED_PRIVATEKEYINFO "MIIBVQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAT8wggE7AgEAAkEAvcXpMhzckRiy6Cj5rZ89Tdb4Sm/8V4hfbUMLzpZiekW1biysW3Pag1TPItTMMdl1v6T//x1xPcgA7NRSLdHZ4wIDAQABAkEAjh8+4qncwcmGivnM6ytbpQT+k/jEOeXG2bQhjojvnXN3FazGCEFXvpuIBcJVfaIJS9YBCMOzzrAtO0+k2hWnOQIhAOC4NVbo8FQhZS4yXM1M86kMl47FA9ui//OUfbhlAdw1AiEA2DBmIXnsboKB+OHver69p0gNeWlvcJc9bjDVfdLVsLcCIQCPtV3vGYJv2vdwxqZQaHC+YB4gIGAqOqBCbmjD3lyFLQIgA+VTYdUNoqwtZWvE4gRf7IzK2V5CCNhg3gR5RGwxN58CIGCcafoRrUKsM66ISg0ITI04G9V/w+wMx91wjEEB+QBz"


    int main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
      SECStatus          rv;
      CERTCertificate   *cert = NULL;
      SECKEYPublicKey   *pubkey = NULL;
      CERTSubjectPublicKeyInfo *spki = NULL;
      SECKEYPrivateKey  *pvtkey = NULL;
      int                modulus_len, i, outlen;
      char              *buf1 = NULL;
      char              *buf2 = NULL;
      char              *pubkstr = BASE64_ENCODED_SUBJECTPUBLICKEYINFO;
      char              *pvtkstr = BASE64_ENCODED_PRIVATEKEYINFO;
      SECItem            der;
      SECItem            nickname;
      PK11SlotInfo      *slot = NULL;
     
      /* Initialize NSS
       * You need to explicitly authenticate to the internal token if you use
       * NSS_Init insteadf of NSS_NoDB_Init
       * Invoke this after getting the internal token handle
       *      PK11_Authenticate(slot, PR_FALSE, NULL);
       */
      rv = NSS_NoDB_Init(".");
      if (rv != SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "NSS initialization failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }

      /* get internal slot */
      slot = PK11_GetInternalKeySlot();
      if (slot == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't find slot (err %d)\n", PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }
     
      rv = ATOB_ConvertAsciiToItem(&der, pubkstr);
      if (rv!= SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "ATOB_ConvertAsciiToItem failed %d\n", PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }
      spki = SECKEY_DecodeDERSubjectPublicKeyInfo(&der);
      SECITEM_FreeItem(&der, PR_FALSE);
      pubkey = SECKEY_ExtractPublicKey(spki);

      if (pubkey == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't extract public key (err %d)\n", PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }

      modulus_len = SECKEY_PublicKeyStrength(pubkey);
      fprintf(stderr, "Public Key Modulus %d bytes\n", modulus_len);
      buf1 = (char *)malloc(modulus_len);
      buf2 = (char *)malloc(modulus_len);

      /* initialize buf1 */
      for (i=0;i<modulus_len;i++)
      {
        buf1[i]= (i %26) + 'A';
      }
      buf1[modulus_len-1] = '\0';
      fprintf(stderr, "Buffer being encrypted = \n%s\n", buf1);

      /* encrypt buf1, result will be in buf2 */
      rv = PK11_PubEncryptRaw(pubkey, buf2, buf1, modulus_len, NULL);
      if (rv != SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Encrypt with Public Key failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }
     
      nickname.type = siBuffer;
      nickname.data = "pvtkeynickname";
      nickname.len = strlen("pvtkeynickname");
      rv = ATOB_ConvertAsciiToItem(&der, pvtkstr);
      if (rv!= SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "ATOB_ConvertAsciiToItem failed %d\n", PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }

      /* KU_ALL includes a lot of different key usages, KU_DATA_ENCIPHERMENT
       * is enough for just RSA encryption.
       * publicValue arg (4th) can be NULL for RSA key - I think it is even
       * ignored
       */
      PK11_ImportDERPrivateKeyInfoAndReturnKey(slot, &der, NULL,
                                               NULL, PR_FALSE, PR_TRUE,
                                               KU_ALL, &pvtkey, NULL);
      SECITEM_FreeItem(&der, PR_FALSE);
         
      if (pvtkey == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't extract private key (err %d)\n", PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }

      /* clear buf1 */
      for (i=0;i<modulus_len;i++)
      {
        buf1[i]= '\0';
      }

      /* decrypt buf2, result will be in buf1 */
      rv = PK11_PubDecryptRaw(pvtkey, buf1, &outlen, modulus_len, buf2,
                              modulus_len);
      if (rv != SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Decrypt with Private Key failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        goto cleanup;
      }
     
      fprintf(stderr, "Result of decryption, outlen = %d\n", outlen);
      fprintf(stderr, "Result of decryption, buf = \n%s\n", buf1);

    cleanup:
      if (cert)
        CERT_DestroyCertificate(cert);
      if (pubkey)
        SECKEY_DestroyPublicKey(pubkey);
      if (pvtkey)
        SECKEY_DestroyPrivateKey(pvtkey);
      if (spki)
        SECKEY_DestroySubjectPublicKeyInfo(spki);
      if (slot)
        PK11_FreeSlot(slot);
      if (buf1)
        free(buf1);
      if (buf2)
        free(buf2);                          
      exit(1);
    }
    103 NSS Sample Code sample6

    /* Example code to illustrate generation of a secret symmetric key ring
     * that PERSISTS in the NSS database. The symmetric keys can then be used
     * without ever exposing them in the clear.
     *
     * To encrypt, you need the id of the key to use.
     * To decrypt, you need the ciphertext and the id of the key that was used
     * to encrypt
     *
     * Before running this example, create the NSS database
     *     certutil -N -d .
     * (enter "test" when prompted for password)
     */


    #include "nss.h"
    #include "pk11pub.h"

    /* the key id can be any sequence of bytes. this example happens to use an
     * integer */
    void genkey(int id);

    /* this callback is responsible for returning the password to the NSS
     * key database. for example purposes, this function hardcodes the password.
     * In a real app, this function should obtain the password using secure means
     * such as prompting an operator, or retrieving it over a secure communication
     * channel
     */
    char *passwdcb(PK11SlotInfo *info, PRBool retry, void *arg);


    int main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
      SECStatus rv;

      /* Initialize NSS */
      PK11_SetPasswordFunc(passwdcb);

      /* The NSS db must be initialized read-write since we'll be creating
       * keys in it. Once keys are generated, it can be opened without read-write
       * subsequently (NSS_Init).
       */
      rv = NSS_InitReadWrite(".");
      if (rv != SECSuccess)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "NSS initialization failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        exit(1);
      }

      /* generate a key with id 1. should succeed on first run on a fresh db,
       * should fail on successive runs because key with that id already exists */
      genkey(1);

      /* generate a key with id 2. should succeed on first run on a fresh db,
       * should fail on successive runs because key with that id already exists */
      genkey(2);

      /* generate a key with id 1 - this will fail because key with that id
       * already exists */
      genkey(1);
    }


    void genkey(int id)
    {
      PK11SlotInfo*  slot = NULL;
      PK11SymKey*    key = NULL;
      SECItem        keyiditem;
      int            keyid[1];
      CK_MECHANISM_TYPE cipherMech;
     
      /* using CKM_AES_CBC_PAD mechanism for example */
      cipherMech = CKM_AES_CBC_PAD;
     
       slot = PK11_GetInternalKeySlot();
      /* slot = PK11_GetBestSlot(cipherMech, NULL); didn't work.
       * Error code: token is read-only. ??
       */
      if (slot == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "Unable to find security device (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        return;
      }

      keyid[0] = id;
      keyiditem.type = siBuffer;
      keyiditem.data = (void *)keyid;
      keyiditem.len = sizeof(keyid[0]);

      /* Note: keysize must be 0 for fixed key-length algorithms like DES.
       *       Since we're using AES in this example, we're specifying
       *       one of the valid keysizes (16, 24, 32)
       */
      key = PK11_TokenKeyGen(slot, cipherMech, 0, 32 /*keysize*/,
                             &keyiditem, PR_TRUE, 0);
      if (key == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "PK11_TokenKeyGen failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        PK11_FreeSlot(slot);
        return;
      }

      fprintf(stderr, "key length of generated key is %d\n",
              PK11_GetKeyLength(key));
      fprintf(stderr, "mechanism of key is %d (asked for %d)\n",
              PK11_GetMechanism(key), cipherMech);

      PK11_FreeSymKey(key);


      key = PK11_FindFixedKey(slot, cipherMech, &keyiditem, 0);
      if (key == NULL)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "PK11_FindFixedKey failed (err %d)\n",
                PR_GetError());
        PK11_FreeSlot(slot);
        return;
      }

      fprintf(stderr, "Found key!\n");
      fprintf(stderr, "key length of generated key is %d\n",
              PK11_GetKeyLength(key));
      fprintf(stderr, "mechanism of key is %d (asked for %d)\n",
              PK11_GetMechanism(key), cipherMech);

      PK11_FreeSymKey(key);

      PK11_FreeSlot(slot);
    }

    char *passwdcb(PK11SlotInfo *info, PRBool retry, void *arg)
    {
      if (!retry)
        return PL_strdup("test");
      else
        return NULL;
    }
    104 sample1 Example, NSS
    Technical review completed.
    105 sample2
    No summary!
    106 NSS Tech Notes NSS
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    107 nss tech note1
    The main non-streaming APIs for these two decoders have an identical prototype :
    108 nss tech note2
    The logger displays all activity between NSS and a specified PKCS #11 module. It works by inserting a special set of entry points between NSS and the module.
    109 nss tech note3
    No summary!
    110 nss tech note4
    No summary!
    111 nss tech note5
    Note: AES encryption, a fixed blocksize of 16 bytes is used. The Rijndael algorithm permits 3 blocksizes (16, 24, 32 bytes), but the AES standard requires the blocksize to be 16 bytes. The keysize can vary and these keysizes are permitted: 16, 24, 32 bytes.

    You can also look at a sample program illustrating encryption
    112 nss tech note6
    The following applies to NSS 3.8 through 3.10 :
    113 nss tech note7
    This technical note explains how to use NSS to perform RSA signing and encryption. The industry standard for RSA signing and encryption is PKCS #1. NSS supports PKCS #1 v1.5. NSS doesn't yet support PKCS #1 v2.0 and v2.1, in particular OAEP, but OAEP support is on our to-do list. Your contribution is welcome.
    114 nss tech note8
    No summary!
    115 NSS Tools NSS
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    116 NSS Tools certutil
    The Certificate Database Tool is a command-line utility that can create and modify the Netscape Communicator cert8.db and key3.db database files. It can also list, generate, modify, or delete certificates within the cert8.db file and create or change the password, generate new public and private key pairs, display the contents of the key database, or delete key pairs within the key3.db file.
    117 NSS Tools certutil-tasks
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    118 NSS Tools cmsutil
    The cmsutil command-line utility uses the S/MIME Toolkit to perform basic operations, such as encryption and decryption, on Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) messages.
    119 NSS Tools crlutil
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    120 NSS Tools dbck-tasks
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    121 NSS Tools modutil
    The Security Module Database Tool is a command-line utility for managing PKCS #11 module information within secmod.db files or within hardware tokens. You can use the tool to add and delete PKCS #11 modules, change passwords, set defaults, list module contents, enable or disable slots, enable or disable FIPS 140-2 compliance, and assign default providers for cryptographic operations. This tool can also create key3.db, cert8.db, and secmod.db security database files.
    122 NSS Tools modutil-tasks
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    123 NSS Tools pk12util
    The PKCS #12 utility makes sharing of certificates among Enterprise server 3.x and any server (Netscape products or non-Netscape products) that supports PKCS#12 possible. The tool allows you to import certificates and keys from pkcs #12 files into NSS or export them and also list certificates and keys in such files.
    124 NSS Tools pk12util-tasks
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    125 NSS Tools signver-tasks
    No summary!
    126 NSS Tools sslstrength
    A simple command-line client which connects to an SSL-server, and reports back the encryption cipher and strength used.
    127 NSS Tools ssltap
    The SSL Debugging Tool is an SSL-aware command-line proxy. It watches TCP connections and displays the data going by. If a connection is SSL, the data display includes interpreted SSL records and handshaking.
    128 NSS tools : cmsutil
    Name

       cmsutil — Performs basic cryptograpic operations, such as encryption and
       decryption, on Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) messages.

    Synopsis

       cmsutil [options] arguments

    Description

       The cmsutil command-line uses the S/MIME Toolkit to perform basic
       operations, such as encryption and decryption, on Cryptographic Message
       Syntax (CMS) messages.

       To run cmsutil, type the command cmsutil option [arguments] where option
       and arguments are combinations of the options and arguments listed in the
       following section. Each command takes one option. Each option may take
       zero or more arguments. To see a usage string, issue the command without
       options.

    Options and Arguments

       Options

       Options specify an action. Option arguments modify an action. The options
       and arguments for the cmsutil command are defined as follows:

       -D

               Decode a message.

       -C

               Encrypt a message.

       -E

               Envelope a message.

       -O

               Create a certificates-only message.

       -S

               Sign a message.

       Arguments

       Option arguments modify an action and are lowercase.

       -c content

               Use this detached content (decode only).

       -d dbdir

               Specify the key/certificate database directory (default is ".")

       -e envfile

               Specify a file containing an enveloped message for a set of
               recipients to which you would like to send an encrypted message.
               If this is the first encrypted message for that set of recipients,
               a new enveloped message will be created that you can then use for
               future messages (encrypt only).

       -G

               Include a signing time attribute (sign only).

       -h num

               Generate email headers with info about CMS message (decode only).

       -i infile

               Use infile as a source of data (default is stdin).

       -N nickname

               Specify nickname of certificate to sign with (sign only).

       -n

               Suppress output of contents (decode only).

       -o outfile

               Use outfile as a destination of data (default is stdout).

       -P

               Include an S/MIME capabilities attribute.

       -p password

               Use password as key database password.

       -r recipient1,recipient2, ...

               Specify list of recipients (email addresses) for an encrypted or
               enveloped message. For certificates-only message, list of
               certificates to send.

       -T

               Suppress content in CMS message (sign only).

       -u certusage

               Set type of cert usage (default is certUsageEmailSigner).

       -Y ekprefnick

               Specify an encryption key preference by nickname.

    Usage

       Encrypt Example

     cmsutil -C [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] -r "recipient1,recipient2, . . ." -e envfile


       Decode Example

     cmsutil -D [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] [-c content] [-n] [-h num]


       Envelope Example

     cmsutil -E [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] -r "recipient1,recipient2, ..."


       Certificate-only Example

     cmsutil -O [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] -r "cert1,cert2, . . ."


       Sign Message Example

     cmsutil -S [-i infile] [-o outfile] [-d dbdir] [-p password] -N nickname[-TGP] [-Y ekprefnick]


    See also

       certutil(1)

    See Also

    Additional Resources

       NSS is maintained in conjunction with PKI and security-related projects
       through Mozilla dn Fedora. The most closely-related project is Dogtag PKI,
       with a project wiki at [1]https://pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/.

       For information specifically about NSS, the NSS project wiki is located at
       [2]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/. The NSS site relates
       directly to NSS code changes and releases.

       Mailing lists: [email protected] and [email protected]

       IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki

    Authors

       The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape and
       now with Red Hat.

       Authors: Elio Maldonado <[email protected]>, Deon Lackey
       <[email protected]>.

    Copyright

       (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.

    References

       Visible links
       1. https://pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/
       2. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
    129 NSS tools : crlutil
    Name

       crlutil — List, generate, modify, or delete CRLs within the NSS security
       database file(s) and list, create, modify or delete certificates entries
       in a particular CRL.

    Synopsis

       crlutil [options] arguments

    Description

       The Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management Tool, crlutil, is a
       command-line utility that can list, generate, modify, or delete CRLs
       within the NSS security database file(s) and list, create, modify or
       delete certificates entries in a particular CRL.

       The key and certificate management process generally begins with creating
       keys in the key database, then generating and managing certificates in the
       certificate database(see certutil tool) and continues with certificates
       expiration or revocation.

       This document discusses certificate revocation list management. For
       information on security module database management, see Using the Security
       Module Database Tool. For information on certificate and key database
       management, see Using the Certificate Database Tool.

       To run the Certificate Revocation List Management Tool, type the command

       crlutil option [arguments]

       where options and arguments are combinations of the options and arguments
       listed in the following section. Each command takes one option. Each
       option may take zero or more arguments. To see a usage string, issue the
       command without options, or with the -H option.

    Options and Arguments

       Options

       Options specify an action. Option arguments modify an action. The options
       and arguments for the crlutil command are defined as follows:

       -G

               Create new Certificate Revocation List(CRL).

       -D

               Delete Certificate Revocation List from cert database.

       -I

               Import a CRL to the cert database

       -E

               Erase all CRLs of specified type from the cert database

       -L

               List existing CRL located in cert database file.

       -M

               Modify existing CRL which can be located in cert db or in
               arbitrary file. If located in file it should be encoded in ASN.1
               encode format.

       -G

       Arguments

       Option arguments modify an action and are lowercase.

       -B

               Bypass CA signature checks.

       -P dbprefix

               Specify the prefix used on the NSS security database files (for
               example, my_cert8.db and my_key3.db). This option is provided as a
               special case. Changing the names of the certificate and key
               databases is not recommended.

       -a

               Use ASCII format or allow the use of ASCII format for input and
               output. This formatting follows RFC #1113.

       -c crl-gen-file

               Specify script file that will be used to control crl
               generation/modification. See crl-cript-file format below. If
               options -M|-G is used and -c crl-script-file is not specified,
               crlutil will read script data from standard input.

       -d directory

               Specify the database directory containing the certificate and key
               database files. On Unix the Certificate Database Tool defaults to
               $HOME/.netscape (that is, ~/.netscape). On Windows NT the default
               is the current directory.

               The NSS database files must reside in the same directory.

       -i crl-import-file

               Specify the file which contains the CRL to import

       -f password-file

               Specify a file that will automatically supply the password to
               include in a certificate or to access a certificate database. This
               is a plain-text file containing one password. Be sure to prevent
               unauthorized access to this file.

       -l algorithm-name

               Specify a specific signature algorithm. List of possible
               algorithms: MD2 | MD4 | MD5 | SHA1 | SHA256 | SHA384 | SHA512

       -n nickname

               Specify the nickname of a certificate or key to list, create, add
               to a database, modify, or validate. Bracket the nickname string
               with quotation marks if it contains spaces.

       -o output-file

               Specify the output file name for new CRL. Bracket the output-file
               string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. If this
               argument is not used the output destination defaults to standard
               output.

       -t crl-type

               Specify type of CRL. possible types are: 0 - SEC_KRL_TYPE, 1 -
               SEC_CRL_TYPE. This option is obsolete

       -u url

               Specify the url.

    CRL Generation script syntax

       CRL generation script file has the following syntax:

       * Line with comments should have # as a first symbol of a line

       * Set "this update" or "next update" CRL fields:

       update=YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ nextupdate=YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ

       Field "next update" is optional. Time should be in GeneralizedTime format
       (YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ). For example: 20050204153000Z

       * Add an extension to a CRL or a crl certificate entry:

       addext extension-name critical/non-critical [arg1[arg2 ...]]

       Where:

       extension-name: string value of a name of known extensions.
       critical/non-critical: is 1 when extension is critical and 0 otherwise.
       arg1, arg2: specific to extension type extension parameters

       addext uses the range that was set earlier by addcert and will install an
       extension to every cert entries within the range.

       * Add certificate entries(s) to CRL:

       addcert range date

       range: two integer values separated by dash: range of certificates that
       will be added by this command. dash is used as a delimiter. Only one cert
       will be added if there is no delimiter. date: revocation date of a cert.
       Date should be represented in GeneralizedTime format (YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ).

       * Remove certificate entry(s) from CRL

       rmcert range

       Where:

       range: two integer values separated by dash: range of certificates that
       will be added by this command. dash is used as a delimiter. Only one cert
       will be added if there is no delimiter.

       * Change range of certificate entry(s) in CRL

       range new-range

       Where:

       new-range: two integer values separated by dash: range of certificates
       that will be added by this command. dash is used as a delimiter. Only one
       cert will be added if there is no delimiter.

       Implemented Extensions

       The extensions defined for CRL provide methods for associating additional
       attributes with CRLs of theirs entries. For more information see RFC #3280

       * Add The Authority Key Identifier extension:

       The authority key identifier extension provides a means of identifying the
       public key corresponding to the private key used to sign a CRL.

       authKeyId critical [key-id | dn cert-serial]

       Where:

       authKeyIdent: identifies the name of an extension critical: value of 1 of
       0. Should be set to 1 if this extension is critical or 0 otherwise.
       key-id: key identifier represented in octet string. dn:: is a CA
       distinguished name cert-serial: authority certificate serial number.

       * Add Issuer Alternative Name extension:

       The issuer alternative names extension allows additional identities to be
       associated with the issuer of the CRL. Defined options include an rfc822
       name (electronic mail address), a DNS name, an IP address, and a URI.

       issuerAltNames non-critical name-list

       Where:

       subjAltNames: identifies the name of an extension should be set to 0 since
       this is non-critical extension name-list: comma separated list of names

       * Add CRL Number extension:

       The CRL number is a non-critical CRL extension which conveys a
       monotonically increasing sequence number for a given CRL scope and CRL
       issuer. This extension allows users to easily determine when a particular
       CRL supersedes another CRL

       crlNumber non-critical number

       Where:

       crlNumber: identifies the name of an extension critical: should be set to
       0 since this is non-critical extension number: value of long which
       identifies the sequential number of a CRL.

       * Add Revocation Reason Code extension:

       The reasonCode is a non-critical CRL entry extension that identifies the
       reason for the certificate revocation.

       reasonCode non-critical code

       Where:

       reasonCode: identifies the name of an extension non-critical: should be
       set to 0 since this is non-critical extension code: the following codes
       are available:

       unspecified (0), keyCompromise (1), cACompromise (2), affiliationChanged
       (3), superseded (4), cessationOfOperation (5), certificateHold (6),
       removeFromCRL (8), privilegeWithdrawn (9), aACompromise (10)

       * Add Invalidity Date extension:

       The invalidity date is a non-critical CRL entry extension that provides
       the date on which it is known or suspected that the private key was
       compromised or that the certificate otherwise became invalid.

       invalidityDate non-critical date

       Where:

       crlNumber: identifies the name of an extension non-critical: should be set
       to 0 since this is non-critical extension date: invalidity date of a cert.
       Date should be represented in GeneralizedTime format (YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ).

    Usage

       The Certificate Revocation List Management Tool's capabilities are grouped
       as follows, using these combinations of options and arguments. Options and
       arguments in square brackets are optional, those without square brackets
       are required.

       See "Implemented extensions" for more information regarding extensions and
       their parameters.

       * Creating or modifying a CRL:

     crlutil -G|-M -c crl-gen-file -n nickname [-i crl] [-u url] [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix] [-l alg] [-a] [-B]


       * Listing all CRls or a named CRL:

             crlutil -L [-n crl-name] [-d krydir]


       * Deleting CRL from db:

             crlutil -D -n nickname [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix]


       * Erasing CRLs from db:

             crlutil -E [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix]


       * Deleting CRL from db:

               crlutil -D -n nickname [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix]


       * Erasing CRLs from db:

               crlutil -E [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix]


       * Import CRL from file:

               crlutil -I -i crl [-t crlType] [-u url] [-d keydir] [-P dbprefix] [-B]


    See also

       certutil(1)

    See Also

    Additional Resources

       NSS is maintained in conjunction with PKI and security-related projects
       through Mozilla dn Fedora. The most closely-related project is Dogtag PKI,
       with a project wiki at [1]https://pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/.

       For information specifically about NSS, the NSS project wiki is located at
       [2]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/. The NSS site relates
       directly to NSS code changes and releases.

       Mailing lists: [email protected] and [email protected]

       IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki

    Authors

       The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape and
       now with Red Hat.

       Authors: Elio Maldonado <[email protected]>, Deon Lackey
       <[email protected]>.

    Copyright

       (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.

    References

       Visible links
       1. https://pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/
       2. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
    130 NSS tools : modutil
    Name

       modutil — Manage PKCS #11 module information within the security module
       database.

    Synopsis

       modutil [options] arguments

    Description

       The Security Module Database Tool, modutil, is a command-line utility for
       managing PKCS #11 module information both within secmod.db files and
       within hardware tokens. modutil can add and delete PKCS #11 modules,
       change passwords on security databases, set defaults, list module
       contents, enable or disable slots, enable or disable FIPS 140-2
       compliance, and assign default providers for cryptographic operations.
       This tool can also create certificate, key, and module security database
       files.

       The tasks associated with security module database management are part of
       a process that typically also involves managing key databases and
       certificate databases.

    Options

       Running modutil always requires one (and only one) option to specify the
       type of module operation. Each option may take arguments, anywhere from
       none to multiple arguments.

       Options

       -add modulename

               Add the named PKCS #11 module to the database. Use this option
               with the -libfile, -ciphers, and -mechanisms arguments.

       -changepw tokenname

               Change the password on the named token. If the token has not been
               initialized, this option initializes the password. Use this option
               with the -pwfile and -newpwfile arguments. A password is
               equivalent to a personal identification number (PIN).

       -chkfips

               Verify whether the module is in the given FIPS mode. true means to
               verify that the module is in FIPS mode, while false means to
               verify that the module is not in FIPS mode.

       -create

               Create new certificate, key, and module databases. Use the -dbdir
               directory argument to specify a directory. If any of these
               databases already exist in a specified directory, modutil returns
               an error message.

       -default modulename

               Specify the security mechanisms for which the named module will be
               a default provider. The security mechanisms are specified with the
               -mechanisms argument.

       -delete modulename

               Delete the named module. The default NSS PKCS #11 module cannot be
               deleted.

       -disable modulename

               Disable all slots on the named module. Use the -slot argument to
               disable a specific slot.

       -enable modulename

               Enable all slots on the named module. Use the -slot argument to
               enable a specific slot.

       -fips [true | false]

               Enable (true) or disable (false) FIPS 140-2 compliance for the
               default NSS module.

       -force

               Disable modutil's interactive prompts so it can be run from a
               script. Use this option only after manually testing each planned
               operation to check for warnings and to ensure that bypassing the
               prompts will cause no security lapses or loss of database
               integrity.

       -jar JAR-file

               Add a new PKCS #11 module to the database using the named JAR
               file. Use this command with the -installdir and -tempdir
               arguments. The JAR file uses the NSS PKCS #11 JAR format to
               identify all the files to be installed, the module's name, the
               mechanism flags, and the cipher flags, as well as any files to be
               installed on the target machine, including the PKCS #11 module
               library file and other files such as documentation. This is
               covered in the JAR installation file section in the man page,
               which details the special script needed to perform an installation
               through a server or with modutil.

       -list [modulename]

               Display basic information about the contents of the secmod.db
               file. Specifying a modulename displays detailed information about
               a particular module and its slots and tokens.

       -rawadd

               Add the module spec string to the secmod.db database.

       -rawlist

               Display the module specs for a specified module or for all
               loadable modules.

       -undefault modulename

               Specify the security mechanisms for which the named module will
               not be a default provider. The security mechanisms are specified
               with the -mechanisms argument.

       Arguments

       MODULE

               Give the security module to access.

       MODULESPEC

               Give the security module spec to load into the security database.

       -ciphers cipher-enable-list

               Enable specific ciphers in a module that is being added to the
               database. The cipher-enable-list is a colon-delimited list of
               cipher names. Enclose this list in quotation marks if it contains
               spaces.

       -dbdir [sql:]directory

               Specify the database directory in which to access or create
               security module database files.

               modutil supports two types of databases: the legacy security
               databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite
               databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql:
               is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in
               the old format.

       --dbprefix prefix

               Specify the prefix used on the database files, such as my_ for
               my_cert8.db. This option is provided as a special case. Changing
               the names of the certificate and key databases is not recommended.

       -installdir root-installation-directory

               Specify the root installation directory relative to which files
               will be installed by the -jar option. This directory should be one
               below which it is appropriate to store dynamic library files, such
               as a server's root directory.

       -libfile library-file

               Specify a path to a library file containing the implementation of
               the PKCS #11 interface module that is being added to the database.

       -mechanisms mechanism-list

               Specify the security mechanisms for which a particular module will
               be flagged as a default provider. The mechanism-list is a
               colon-delimited list of mechanism names. Enclose this list in
               quotation marks if it contains spaces.

               The module becomes a default provider for the listed mechanisms
               when those mechanisms are enabled. If more than one module claims
               to be a particular mechanism's default provider, that mechanism's
               default provider is undefined.

               modutil supports several mechanisms: RSA, DSA, RC2, RC4, RC5, AES,
               DES, DH, SHA1, SHA256, SHA512, SSL, TLS, MD5, MD2, RANDOM (for
               random number generation), and FRIENDLY (meaning certificates are
               publicly readable).

       -newpwfile new-password-file

               Specify a text file containing a token's new or replacement
               password so that a password can be entered automatically with the
               -changepw option.

       -nocertdb

               Do not open the certificate or key databases. This has several
               effects:

                  o With the -create command, only a module security file is
                    created; certificate and key databases are not created.

                  o With the -jar command, signatures on the JAR file are not
                    checked.

                  o With the -changepw command, the password on the NSS internal
                    module cannot be set or changed, since this password is
                    stored in the key database.

       -pwfile old-password-file

               Specify a text file containing a token's existing password so that
               a password can be entered automatically when the -changepw option
               is used to change passwords.

       -secmod secmodname

               Give the name of the security module database (like secmod.db) to
               load.

       -slot slotname

               Specify a particular slot to be enabled or disabled with the
               -enable or -disable options.

       -string CONFIG_STRING

               Pass a configuration string for the module being added to the
               database.

       -tempdir temporary-directory

               Give a directory location where temporary files are created during
               the installation by the -jar option. If no temporary directory is
               specified, the current directory is used.

    Usage and Examples

       Creating Database Files

       Before any operations can be performed, there must be a set of security
       databases available. modutil can be used to create these files. The only
       required argument is the database that where the databases will be
       located.

     modutil -create -dbdir [sql:]directory

       Adding a Cryptographic Module

       Adding a PKCS #11 module means submitting a supporting library file,
       enabling its ciphers, and setting default provider status for various
       security mechanisms. This can be done by supplying all of the information
       through modutil directly or by running a JAR file and install script. For
       the most basic case, simply upload the library:

     modutil -add modulename -libfile library-file [-ciphers cipher-enable-list] [-mechanisms mechanism-list]

       For example:

     modutil -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -add "Example PKCS #11 Module" -libfile "/tmp/crypto.so" -mechanisms RSA:DSA:RC2:RANDOM

     Using database directory ...
     Module "Example PKCS #11 Module" added to database.

       Installing a Cryptographic Module from a JAR File

       PKCS #11 modules can also be loaded using a JAR file, which contains all
       of the required libraries and an installation script that describes how to
       install the module. The JAR install script is described in more detail in
       [1]the section called “JAR Installation File Format”.

       The JAR installation script defines the setup information for each
       platform that the module can be installed on. For example:

     Platforms {
        Linux:5.4.08:x86 {
           ModuleName { "Example PKCS #11 Module" }
           ModuleFile { crypto.so }
           DefaultMechanismFlags{0x0000}
           CipherEnableFlags{0x0000}
           Files {
              crypto.so {
                 Path{ /tmp/crypto.so }
              }
              setup.sh {
                 Executable
                 Path{ /tmp/setup.sh }
              }
           }
        }
        Linux:6.0.0:x86 {
           EquivalentPlatform { Linux:5.4.08:x86 }
        }
     }

       Both the install script and the required libraries must be bundled in a
       JAR file, which is specified with the -jar argument.

     modutil -dbdir sql:/home/mt"jar-install-filey/sharednssdb -jar install.jar -installdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

     This installation JAR file was signed by:
     ----------------------------------------------

     **SUBJECT NAME**

     C=US, ST=California, L=Mountain View, CN=Cryptorific Inc., OU=Digital ID
     Class 3 - Netscape Object Signing, OU="www.verisign.com/repository/CPS
     Incorp. by Ref.,LIAB.LTD(c)9 6", OU=www.verisign.com/CPS Incorp.by Ref
     . LIABILITY LTD.(c)97 VeriSign, OU=VeriSign Object Signing CA - Class 3
     Organization, OU="VeriSign, Inc.", O=VeriSign Trust Network **ISSUER
     NAME**, OU=www.verisign.com/CPS Incorp.by Ref. LIABILITY LTD.(c)97
     VeriSign, OU=VeriSign Object Signing CA - Class 3 Organization,
     OU="VeriSign, Inc.", O=VeriSign Trust Network
     ----------------------------------------------

     Do you wish to continue this installation? (y/n) y
     Using installer script "installer_script"
     Successfully parsed installation script
     Current platform is Linux:5.4.08:x86
     Using installation parameters for platform Linux:5.4.08:x86
     Installed file crypto.so to /tmp/crypto.so
     Installed file setup.sh to ./pk11inst.dir/setup.sh
     Executing "./pk11inst.dir/setup.sh"...
     "./pk11inst.dir/setup.sh" executed successfully
     Installed module "Example PKCS #11 Module" into module database

     Installation completed successfully

       Adding Module Spec

       Each module has information stored in the security database about its
       configuration and parameters. These can be added or edited using the
       -rawadd command. For the current settings or to see the format of the
       module spec in the database, use the -rawlist option.

     modutil -rawadd modulespec

       Deleting a Module

       A specific PKCS #11 module can be deleted from the secmod.db database:

     modutil -delete modulename -dbdir [sql:]directory

       Displaying Module Information

       The secmod.db database contains information about the PKCS #11 modules
       that are available to an application or server to use. The list of all
       modules, information about specific modules, and database configuration
       specs for modules can all be viewed.

       To simply get a list of modules in the database, use the -list command.

     modutil -list [modulename] -dbdir [sql:]directory

       Listing the modules shows the module name, their status, and other
       associated security databases for certificates and keys. For example:

     modutil -list -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

     Listing of PKCS #11 Modules
     -----------------------------------------------------------
       1. NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module
              slots: 2 slots attached
             status: loaded

              slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services
             token: NSS Generic Crypto Services

              slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services
             token: NSS Certificate DB
     -----------------------------------------------------------

       Passing a specific module name with the -list returns details information
       about the module itself, like supported cipher mechanisms, version
       numbers, serial numbers, and other information about the module and the
       token it is loaded on. For example:

      modutil -list "NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

     -----------------------------------------------------------
     Name: NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module
     Library file: **Internal ONLY module**
     Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
     Description: NSS Internal Crypto Services
     PKCS #11 Version 2.20
     Library Version: 3.11
     Cipher Enable Flags: None
     Default Mechanism Flags: RSA:RC2:RC4:DES:DH:SHA1:MD5:MD2:SSL:TLS:AES

       Slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services
       Slot Mechanism Flags: RSA:RC2:RC4:DES:DH:SHA1:MD5:MD2:SSL:TLS:AES
       Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
       Type: Software
       Version Number: 3.11
       Firmware Version: 0.0
       Status: Enabled
       Token Name: NSS Generic Crypto Services
       Token Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
       Token Model: NSS 3
       Token Serial Number: 0000000000000000
       Token Version: 4.0
       Token Firmware Version: 0.0
       Access: Write Protected
       Login Type: Public (no login required)
       User Pin: NOT Initialized

       Slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services
       Slot Mechanism Flags: None
       Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
       Type: Software
       Version Number: 3.11
       Firmware Version: 0.0
       Status: Enabled
       Token Name: NSS Certificate DB
       Token Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
       Token Model: NSS 3
       Token Serial Number: 0000000000000000
       Token Version: 8.3
       Token Firmware Version: 0.0
       Access: NOT Write Protected
       Login Type: Login required
       User Pin: Initialized

       A related command, -rawlist returns information about the database
       configuration for the modules. (This information can be edited by loading
       new specs using the -rawadd command.)

      modutil -rawlist -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
      name="NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" parameters="configdir=. certPrefix= keyPrefix= secmod=secmod.db flags=readOnly " NSS="trustOrder=75 cipherOrder=100 slotParams={0x00000001=[slotFlags=RSA,RC4,RC2,DES,DH,SHA1,MD5,MD2,SSL,TLS,AES,RANDOM askpw=any timeout=30 ] }  Flags=internal,critical"

       Setting a Default Provider for Security Mechanisms

       Multiple security modules may provide support for the same security
       mechanisms. It is possible to set a specific security module as the
       default provider for a specific security mechanism (or, conversely, to
       prohibit a provider from supplying those mechanisms).

     modutil -default modulename -mechanisms mechanism-list

       To set a module as the default provider for mechanisms, use the -default
       command with a colon-separated list of mechanisms. The available
       mechanisms depend on the module; NSS supplies almost all common
       mechanisms. For example:

     modutil -default "NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" -dbdir -mechanisms RSA:DSA:RC2

     Using database directory c:\databases...

     Successfully changed defaults.

       Clearing the default provider has the same format:

     modutil -undefault "NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" -dbdir -mechanisms MD2:MD5

       Enabling and Disabling Modules and Slots

       Modules, and specific slots on modules, can be selectively enabled or
       disabled using modutil. Both commands have the same format:

     modutil -enable|-disable modulename [-slot slotname]

       For example:

     modutil -enable "NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" -slot "NSS Internal Cryptographic Services                            " -dbdir .

     Slot "NSS Internal Cryptographic Services                            " enabled.

       Be sure that the appropriate amount of trailing whitespace is after the
       slot name. Some slot names have a significant amount of whitespace that
       must be included, or the operation will fail.

       Enabling and Verifying FIPS Compliance

       The NSS modules can have FIPS 140-2 compliance enabled or disabled using
       modutil with the -fips option. For example:

     modutil -fips true -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb/

     FIPS mode enabled.

       To verify that status of FIPS mode, run the -chkfips command with either a
       true or false flag (it doesn't matter which). The tool returns the current
       FIPS setting.

     modutil -chkfips false -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb/

     FIPS mode enabled.

       Changing the Password on a Token

       Initializing or changing a token's password:

     modutil -changepw tokenname [-pwfile old-password-file] [-newpwfile new-password-file]

     modutil -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -changepw "NSS Certificate DB"

     Enter old password:
     Incorrect password, try again...
     Enter old password:
     Enter new password:
     Re-enter new password:
     Token "Communicator Certificate DB" password changed successfully.

    JAR Installation File Format

       When a JAR file is run by a server, by modutil, or by any program that
       does not interpret JavaScript, a special information file must be included
       to install the libraries. There are several things to keep in mind with
       this file:

         o It must be declared in the JAR archive's manifest file.

         o The script can have any name.

         o The metainfo tag for this is Pkcs11_install_script. To declare
           meta-information in the manifest file, put it in a file that is passed
           to signtool.

       Sample Script

       For example, the PKCS #11 installer script could be in the file
       pk11install. If so, the metainfo file for signtool includes a line such as
       this:

     + Pkcs11_install_script: pk11install

       The script must define the platform and version number, the module name
       and file, and any optional information like supported ciphers and
       mechanisms. Multiple platforms can be defined in a single install file.

     ForwardCompatible { IRIX:6.2:mips SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc }
     Platforms {
        WINNT::x86 {
           ModuleName { "Example Module" }
           ModuleFile { win32/fort32.dll }
           DefaultMechanismFlags{0x0001}
           DefaultCipherFlags{0x0001}
           Files {
              win32/setup.exe {
                 Executable
                 RelativePath { %temp%/setup.exe }
              }
              win32/setup.hlp {
                 RelativePath { %temp%/setup.hlp }
              }
              win32/setup.cab {
                 RelativePath { %temp%/setup.cab }
              }
           }
        }
        WIN95::x86 {
           EquivalentPlatform {WINNT::x86}
        }
        SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc {
           ModuleName { "Example UNIX Module" }
           ModuleFile { unix/fort.so }
           DefaultMechanismFlags{0x0001}
           CipherEnableFlags{0x0001}
           Files {
              unix/fort.so {
                 RelativePath{%root%/lib/fort.so}
                 AbsolutePath{/usr/local/netscape/lib/fort.so}
                 FilePermissions{555}
              }
              xplat/instr.html {
                 RelativePath{%root%/docs/inst.html}
                 AbsolutePath{/usr/local/netscape/docs/inst.html}
                 FilePermissions{555}
              }
           }
        }
        IRIX:6.2:mips {
           EquivalentPlatform { SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc }
        }
     }

       Script Grammar

       The script is basic Java, allowing lists, key-value pairs, strings, and
       combinations of all of them.

     --> valuelist

     valuelist --> value valuelist
                    <null>

     value ---> key_value_pair
                 string

     key_value_pair --> key { valuelist }

     key --> string

     string --> simple_string
                 "complex_string"

     simple_string --> [^ \t\n\""{""}"]+

     complex_string --> ([^\"\\\r\n]|(\\\")|(\\\\))+

       Quotes and backslashes must be escaped with a backslash. A complex string
       must not include newlines or carriage returns.Outside of complex strings,
       all white space (for example, spaces, tabs, and carriage returns) is
       considered equal and is used only to delimit tokens.

       Keys

       The Java install file uses keys to define the platform and module
       information.

       ForwardCompatible gives a list of platforms that are forward compatible.
       If the current platform cannot be found in the list of supported
       platforms, then the ForwardCompatible list is checked for any platforms
       that have the same OS and architecture in an earlier version. If one is
       found, its attributes are used for the current platform.

       Platforms (required) Gives a list of platforms. Each entry in the list is
       itself a key-value pair: the key is the name of the platform and the value
       list contains various attributes of the platform. The platform string is
       in the format system name:OS release:architecture. The installer obtains
       these values from NSPR. OS release is an empty string on non-Unix
       operating systems. NSPR supports these platforms:

         o AIX (rs6000)

         o BSDI (x86)

         o FREEBSD (x86)

         o HPUX (hppa1.1)

         o IRIX (mips)

         o LINUX (ppc, alpha, x86)

         o MacOS (PowerPC)

         o NCR (x86)

         o NEC (mips)

         o OS2 (x86)

         o OSF (alpha)

         o ReliantUNIX (mips)

         o SCO (x86)

         o SOLARIS (sparc)

         o SONY (mips)

         o SUNOS (sparc)

         o UnixWare (x86)

         o WIN16 (x86)

         o WIN95 (x86)

         o WINNT (x86)

       For example:

     IRIX:6.2:mips
     SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc
     Linux:2.0.32:x86
     WIN95::x86

       The module information is defined independently for each platform in the
       ModuleName, ModuleFile, and Files attributes. These attributes must be
       given unless an EquivalentPlatform attribute is specified.

       Per-Platform Keys

       Per-platform keys have meaning only within the value list of an entry in
       the Platforms list.

       ModuleName (required) gives the common name for the module. This name is
       used to reference the module by servers and by the modutil tool.

       ModuleFile (required) names the PKCS #11 module file for this platform.
       The name is given as the relative path of the file within the JAR archive.

       Files (required) lists the files that need to be installed for this
       module. Each entry in the file list is a key-value pair. The key is the
       path of the file in the JAR archive, and the value list contains
       attributes of the file. At least RelativePath or AbsolutePath must be
       specified for each file.

       DefaultMechanismFlags specifies mechanisms for which this module is the
       default provider; this is equivalent to the -mechanism option with the
       -add command. This key-value pair is a bitstring specified in hexadecimal
       (0x) format. It is constructed as a bitwise OR. If the
       DefaultMechanismFlags entry is omitted, the value defaults to 0x0.

     RSA:                   0x00000001
     DSA:                   0x00000002
     RC2:                   0x00000004
     RC4:                   0x00000008
     DES:                   0x00000010
     DH:                    0x00000020
     FORTEZZA:              0x00000040
     RC5:                   0x00000080
     SHA1:                  0x00000100
     MD5:                   0x00000200
     MD2:                   0x00000400
     RANDOM:                0x08000000
     FRIENDLY:              0x10000000
     OWN_PW_DEFAULTS:       0x20000000
     DISABLE:               0x40000000

       CipherEnableFlags specifies ciphers that this module provides that NSS
       does not provide (so that the module enables those ciphers for NSS). This
       is equivalent to the -cipher argument with the -add command. This key is a
       bitstring specified in hexadecimal (0x) format. It is constructed as a
       bitwise OR. If the CipherEnableFlags entry is omitted, the value defaults
       to 0x0.

       EquivalentPlatform specifies that the attributes of the named platform
       should also be used for the current platform. This makes it easier when
       more than one platform uses the same settings.

       Per-File Keys

       Some keys have meaning only within the value list of an entry in a Files
       list.

       Each file requires a path key the identifies where the file is. Either
       RelativePath or AbsolutePath must be specified. If both are specified, the
       relative path is tried first, and the absolute path is used only if no
       relative root directory is provided by the installer program.

       RelativePath specifies the destination directory of the file, relative to
       some directory decided at install time. Two variables can be used in the
       relative path: %root% and %temp%. %root% is replaced at run time with the
       directory relative to which files should be installed; for example, it may
       be the server's root directory. The %temp% directory is created at the
       beginning of the installation and destroyed at the end. The purpose of
       %temp% is to hold executable files (such as setup programs) or files that
       are used by these programs. Files destined for the temporary directory are
       guaranteed to be in place before any executable file is run; they are not
       deleted until all executable files have finished.

       AbsolutePath specifies the destination directory of the file as an
       absolute path.

       Executable specifies that the file is to be executed during the course of
       the installation. Typically, this string is used for a setup program
       provided by a module vendor, such as a self-extracting setup executable.
       More than one file can be specified as executable, in which case the files
       are run in the order in which they are specified in the script file.

       FilePermissions sets permissions on any referenced files in a string of
       octal digits, according to the standard Unix format. This string is a
       bitwise OR.

     user read:                0400
     user write:               0200
     user execute:             0100
     group read:               0040
     group write:              0020
     group execute:            0010
     other read:               0004
     other write:              0002
     other execute:       0001

       Some platforms may not understand these permissions. They are applied only
       insofar as they make sense for the current platform. If this attribute is
       omitted, a default of 777 is assumed.

    NSS Database Types

       NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information.
       The last versions of these legacy databases are:

         o cert8.db for certificates

         o key3.db for keys

         o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information

       BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from
       being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some
       flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent
       database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the
       access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly
       shared security database.

       In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases
       rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and
       performance:

         o cert9.db for certificates

         o key4.db for keys

         o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained
           in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory

       Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the
       shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy
       format is included for backward compatibility.

       By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given
       security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite
       databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the
       given security directory. For example:

     modutil -create -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

       To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the
       NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql:

     export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE="sql"

       This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change
       permanent.

       Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can
       be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to
       configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases:

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto

       For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see
       the NSS project wiki:

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB

    See Also

       certutil (1)

       pk12util (1)

       signtool (1)

       The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to
       configure applications to use it.

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB

    Additional Resources

       For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check
       out the NSS project wiki at
       [2]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/. The NSS site relates
       directly to NSS code changes and releases.

       Mailing lists: https://lists.mozilla.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto

       IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki

    Authors

       The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red
       Hat, and Sun.

       Authors: Elio Maldonado <[email protected]>, Deon Lackey
       <[email protected]>.

    Copyright

       (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.

    References

       Visible links
       1. JAR Installation File Format
        file:///tmp/xmlto.6gGxS0/modutil.pro...r-install-file
       2. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
    131 NSS tools : pk12util
    Name

       pk12util — Export and import keys and certificate to or from a PKCS #12
       file and the NSS database

    Synopsis

       pk12util [-i p12File [-h tokenname] [-v] [common-options] ] [ -l p12File
       [-h tokenname] [-r] [common-options] ] [ -o p12File -n certname [-c
       keyCipher] [-C certCipher] [-m|--key_len keyLen] [-n|--cert_key_len
       certKeyLen] [common-options] ] [ common-options are: [-d [sql:]directory]
       [-P dbprefix] [-k slotPasswordFile|-K slotPassword] [-w
       p12filePasswordFile|-W p12filePassword] ]

    Description

       The PKCS #12 utility, pk12util, enables sharing certificates among any
       server that supports PKCS#12. The tool can import certificates and keys
       from PKCS#12 files into security databases, export certificates, and list
       certificates and keys.

    Options and Arguments

       Options

       -i p12file

               Import keys and certificates from a PKCS#12 file into a security
               database.

       -l p12file

               List the keys and certificates in PKCS#12 file.

       -o p12file

               Export keys and certificates from the security database to a
               PKCS#12 file.

       Arguments

       -n certname

               Specify the nickname of the cert and private key to export.

       -d [sql:]directory

               Specify the database directory into which to import to or export
               from certificates and keys.

               pk12util supports two types of databases: the legacy security
               databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite
               databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql:
               is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in
               the old format.

       -P prefix

               Specify the prefix used on the certificate and key databases. This
               option is provided as a special case. Changing the names of the
               certificate and key databases is not recommended.

       -h tokenname

               Specify the name of the token to import into or export from.

       -v

               Enable debug logging when importing.

       -k slotPasswordFile

               Specify the text file containing the slot's password.

       -K slotPassword

               Specify the slot's password.

       -w p12filePasswordFile

               Specify the text file containing the pkcs #12 file password.

       -W p12filePassword

               Specify the pkcs #12 file password.

       -c keyCipher

               Specify the key encryption algorithm.

       -C certCipher

               Specify the key cert (overall package) encryption algorithm.

       -m | --key-len keyLength

               Specify the desired length of the symmetric key to be used to
               encrypt the private key.

       -n | --cert-key-len certKeyLength

               Specify the desired length of the symmetric key to be used to
               encrypt the certificates and other meta-data.

       -r

               Dumps all of the data in raw (binary) form. This must be saved as
               a DER file. The default is to return information in a pretty-print
               ASCII format, which displays the information about the
               certificates and public keys in the p12 file.

    Return Codes

         o 0 - No error

         o 1 - User Cancelled

         o 2 - Usage error

         o 6 - NLS init error

         o 8 - Certificate DB open error

         o 9 - Key DB open error

         o 10 - File initialization error

         o 11 - Unicode conversion error

         o 12 - Temporary file creation error

         o 13 - PKCS11 get slot error

         o 14 - PKCS12 decoder start error

         o 15 - error read from import file

         o 16 - pkcs12 decode error

         o 17 - pkcs12 decoder verify error

         o 18 - pkcs12 decoder validate bags error

         o 19 - pkcs12 decoder import bags error

         o 20 - key db conversion version 3 to version 2 error

         o 21 - cert db conversion version 7 to version 5 error

         o 22 - cert and key dbs patch error

         o 23 - get default cert db error

         o 24 - find cert by nickname error

         o 25 - create export context error

         o 26 - PKCS12 add password itegrity error

         o 27 - cert and key Safes creation error

         o 28 - PKCS12 add cert and key error

         o 29 - PKCS12 encode error

    Examples

       Importing Keys and Certificates

       The most basic usage of pk12util for importing a certificate or key is the
       PKCS#12 input file (-i) and some way to specify the security database
       being accessed (either -d for a directory or -h for a token).

     pk12util -i p12File [-h tokenname] [-v] [-d [sql:]directory] [-P dbprefix] [-k slotPasswordFile|-K slotPassword] [-w p12filePasswordFile|-W p12filePassword]

       For example:

     # pk12util -i /tmp/cert-files/users.p12 -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

     Enter a password which will be used to encrypt your keys.
     The password should be at least 8 characters long,
     and should contain at least one non-alphabetic character.

     Enter new password:
     Re-enter password:
     Enter password for PKCS12 file:
     pk12util: PKCS12 IMPORT SUCCESSFUL

       Exporting Keys and Certificates

       Using the pk12util command to export certificates and keys requires both
       the name of the certificate to extract from the database (-n) and the
       PKCS#12-formatted output file to write to. There are optional parameters
       that can be used to encrypt the file to protect the certificate material.

     pk12util -o p12File -n certname [-c keyCipher] [-C certCipher] [-m|--key_len keyLen] [-n|--cert_key_len certKeyLen] [-d [sql:]directory] [-P dbprefix] [-k slotPasswordFile|-K slotPassword] [-w p12filePasswordFile|-W p12filePassword]

       For example:

     # pk12util -o certs.p12 -n Server-Cert -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
     Enter password for PKCS12 file:
     Re-enter password:

       Listing Keys and Certificates

       The information in a .p12 file are not human-readable. The certificates
       and keys in the file can be printed (listed) in a human-readable
       pretty-print format that shows information for every certificate and any
       public keys in the .p12 file.

     pk12util -l p12File [-h tokenname] [-r] [-d [sql:]directory] [-P dbprefix] [-k slotPasswordFile|-K slotPassword] [-w p12filePasswordFile|-W p12filePassword]

       For example, this prints the default ASCII output:

     # pk12util -l certs.p12

     Enter password for PKCS12 file:
     Key(shrouded):
         Friendly Name: Thawte Freemail Member's Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID

         Encryption algorithm: PKCS #12 V2 PBE With SHA-1 And 3KEY Triple DES-CBC
             Parameters:
                 Salt:
                     45:2e:6a:a0:03:4d:7b:a1:63:3c:15:ea:67:37:62:1f
                 Iteration Count: 1 (0x1)
     Certificate:
         Data:
             Version: 3 (0x2)
             Serial Number: 13 (0xd)
             Signature Algorithm: PKCS #1 SHA-1 With RSA Encryption
             Issuer: "[email protected],CN=Thawte Personal Freemail C
                 A,OU=Certification Services Division,O=Thawte Consulting,L=Cape T
                 own,ST=Western Cape,C=ZA"
     ....

       Alternatively, the -r prints the certificates and then exports them into
       separate DER binary files. This allows the certificates to be fed to
       another application that supports .p12 files. Each certificate is written
       to a sequentially-number file, beginning with file0001.der and continuing
       through file000N.der, incrementing the number for every certificate:

     # pk12util -l test.p12 -r
     Enter password for PKCS12 file:
     Key(shrouded):
         Friendly Name: Thawte Freemail Member's Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID

         Encryption algorithm: PKCS #12 V2 PBE With SHA-1 And 3KEY Triple DES-CBC
             Parameters:
                 Salt:
                     45:2e:6a:a0:03:4d:7b:a1:63:3c:15:ea:67:37:62:1f
                 Iteration Count: 1 (0x1)
     Certificate    Friendly Name: Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA - Thawte Consulting

     Certificate    Friendly Name: Thawte Freemail Member's Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID

    Password Encryption

       PKCS#12 provides for not only the protection of the private keys but also
       the certificate and meta-data associated with the keys. Password-based
       encryption is used to protect private keys on export to a PKCS#12 file
       and, optionally, the entire package. If no algorithm is specified, the
       tool defaults to using PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 3KEY Triple DES-cbc for
       private key encryption. PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 40 Bit RC4 is the
       default for the overall package encryption when not in FIPS mode. When in
       FIPS mode, there is no package encryption.

       The private key is always protected with strong encryption by default.

       Several types of ciphers are supported.

       Symmetric CBC ciphers for PKCS#5 V2

               DES_CBC

                  o RC2-CBC

                  o RC5-CBCPad

                  o DES-EDE3-CBC (the default for key encryption)

                  o AES-128-CBC

                  o AES-192-CBC

                  o AES-256-CBC

                  o CAMELLIA-128-CBC

                  o CAMELLIA-192-CBC

                  o CAMELLIA-256-CBC

       PKCS#12 PBE ciphers

               PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and 128 Bit RC4

                  o PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and 40 Bit RC4

                  o PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and Triple DES CBC

                  o PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and 128 Bit RC2 CBC

                  o PKCS #12 PBE with Sha1 and 40 Bit RC2 CBC

                  o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 128 Bit RC4

                  o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 40 Bit RC4 (the default for
                    non-FIPS mode)

                  o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 3KEY Triple DES-cbc

                  o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 2KEY Triple DES-cbc

                  o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 128 Bit RC2 CBC

                  o PKCS12 V2 PBE with SHA1 and 40 Bit RC2 CBC

       PKCS#5 PBE ciphers

               PKCS #5 Password Based Encryption with MD2 and DES CBC

                  o PKCS #5 Password Based Encryption with MD5 and DES CBC

                  o PKCS #5 Password Based Encryption with SHA1 and DES CBC

       With PKCS#12, the crypto provider may be the soft token module or an
       external hardware module. If the cryptographic module does not support the
       requested algorithm, then the next best fit will be selected (usually the
       default). If no suitable replacement for the desired algorithm can be
       found, the tool returns the error no security module can perform the
       requested operation.

    NSS Database Types

       NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information.
       The last versions of these legacy databases are:

         o cert8.db for certificates

         o key3.db for keys

         o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information

       BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from
       being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some
       flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent
       database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the
       access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly
       shared security database.

       In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases
       rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and
       performance:

         o cert9.db for certificates

         o key4.db for keys

         o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained
           in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory

       Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the
       shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy
       format is included for backward compatibility.

       By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given
       security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite
       databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the
       given security directory. For example:

     # pk12util -i /tmp/cert-files/users.p12 -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

       To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the
       NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql:

     export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE="sql"

       This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change
       permanent.

       Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can
       be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to
       configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases:

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto

       For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see
       the NSS project wiki:

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB

    See Also

       certutil (1)

       modutil (1)

       The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to
       configure applications to use it.

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB

    Additional Resources

       For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check
       out the NSS project wiki at
       [1]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/. The NSS site relates
       directly to NSS code changes and releases.

       Mailing lists: https://lists.mozilla.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto

       IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki

    Authors

       The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red
       Hat, and Sun.

       Authors: Elio Maldonado <[email protected]>, Deon Lackey
       <[email protected]>.

    Copyright

       (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.

    References

       Visible links
       1. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
    132 NSS tools : signtool
    Name

       signtool — Digitally sign objects and files.

    Synopsis

       signtool [-k keyName] -h -H -l -L -M -v -w
       -G nickname -s size -b basename [[-c Compression
       Level] ] [[-d cert-dir] ] [[-i installer script] ] [[-m metafile] ] [[-x
       name] ] [[-f filename] ] [[-t|--token tokenname] ] [[-e extension] ] [[-o]
       ] [[-z] ] [[-X] ] [[--outfile] ] [[--verbose value] ] [[--norecurse] ]
       [[--leavearc] ] [[-j directory] ] [[-Z jarfile] ] [[-O] ] [[-p password] ]
       [directory-tree] [archive]

    Description

       The Signing Tool, signtool, creates digital signatures and uses a Java
       Archive (JAR) file to associate the signatures with files in a directory.
       Electronic software distribution over any network involves potential
       security problems. To help address some of these problems, you can
       associate digital signatures with the files in a JAR archive. Digital
       signatures allow SSL-enabled clients to perform two important operations:

       * Confirm the identity of the individual, company, or other entity whose
       digital signature is associated with the files

       * Check whether the files have been tampered with since being signed

       If you have a signing certificate, you can use Netscape Signing Tool to
       digitally sign files and package them as a JAR file. An object-signing
       certificate is a special kind of certificate that allows you to associate
       your digital signature with one or more files.

       An individual file can potentially be signed with multiple digital
       signatures. For example, a commercial software developer might sign the
       files that constitute a software product to prove that the files are
       indeed from a particular company. A network administrator manager might
       sign the same files with an additional digital signature based on a
       company-generated certificate to indicate that the product is approved for
       use within the company.

       The significance of a digital signature is comparable to the significance
       of a handwritten signature. Once you have signed a file, it is difficult
       to claim later that you didn't sign it. In some situations, a digital
       signature may be considered as legally binding as a handwritten signature.
       Therefore, you should take great care to ensure that you can stand behind
       any file you sign and distribute.

       For example, if you are a software developer, you should test your code to
       make sure it is virus-free before signing it. Similarly, if you are a
       network administrator, you should make sure, before signing any code, that
       it comes from a reliable source and will run correctly with the software
       installed on the machines to which you are distributing it.

       Before you can use Netscape Signing Tool to sign files, you must have an
       object-signing certificate, which is a special certificate whose
       associated private key is used to create digital signatures. For testing
       purposes only, you can create an object-signing certificate with Netscape
       Signing Tool 1.3. When testing is finished and you are ready to
       disitribute your software, you should obtain an object-signing certificate
       from one of two kinds of sources:

       * An independent certificate authority (CA) that authenticates your
       identity and charges you a fee. You typically get a certificate from an
       independent CA if you want to sign software that will be distributed over
       the Internet.

       * CA server software running on your corporate intranet or extranet.
       Netscape Certificate Management System provides a complete management
       solution for creating, deploying, and managing certificates, including CAs
       that issue object-signing certificates.

       You must also have a certificate for the CA that issues your signing
       certificate before you can sign files. If the certificate authority's
       certificate isn't already installed in your copy of Communicator, you
       typically install it by clicking the appropriate link on the certificate
       authority's web site, for example on the page from which you initiated
       enrollment for your signing certificate. This is the case for some test
       certificates, as well as certificates issued by Netscape Certificate
       Management System: you must download the the CA certificate in addition to
       obtaining your own signing certificate. CA certificates for several
       certificate authorities are preinstalled in the Communicator certificate
       database.

       When you receive an object-signing certificate for your own use, it is
       automatically installed in your copy of the Communicator client software.
       Communicator supports the public-key cryptography standard known as PKCS
       #12, which governs key portability. You can, for example, move an
       object-signing certificate and its associated private key from one
       computer to another on a credit-card-sized device called a smart card.

    Options

       -b basename

               Specifies the base filename for the .rsa and .sf files in the
               META-INF directory to conform with the JAR format. For example, -b
               signatures causes the files to be named signatures.rsa and
               signatures.sf. The default is signtool.

       -c#

               Specifies the compression level for the -J or -Z option. The
               symbol # represents a number from 0 to 9, where 0 means no
               compression and 9 means maximum compression. The higher the level
               of compression, the smaller the output but the longer the
               operation takes. If the -c# option is not used with either the -J
               or the -Z option, the default compression value used by both the
               -J and -Z options is 6.

       -d certdir

               Specifies your certificate database directory; that is, the
               directory in which you placed your key3.db and cert7.db files. To
               specify the current directory, use "-d." (including the period).
               The Unix version of signtool assumes ~/.netscape unless told
               otherwise. The NT version of signtool always requires the use of
               the -d option to specify where the database files are located.

       -e extension

               Tells signtool to sign only files with the given extension; for
               example, use -e".class" to sign only Java class files. Note that
               with Netscape Signing Tool version 1.1 and later this option can
               appear multiple times on one command line, making it possible to
               specify multiple file types or classes to include.

       -f commandfile

               Specifies a text file containing Netscape Signing Tool options and
               arguments in keyword=value format. All options and arguments can
               be expressed through this file. For more information about the
               syntax used with this file, see "Tips and Techniques".

       -i scriptname

               Specifies the name of an installer script for SmartUpdate. This
               script installs files from the JAR archive in the local system
               after SmartUpdate has validated the digital signature. For more
               details, see the description of -m that follows. The -i option
               provides a straightforward way to provide this information if you
               don't need to specify any metadata other than an installer script.

       -j directory

               Specifies a special JavaScript directory. This option causes the
               specified directory to be signed and tags its entries as inline
               JavaScript. This special type of entry does not have to appear in
               the JAR file itself. Instead, it is located in the HTML page
               containing the inline scripts. When you use signtool -v, these
               entries are displayed with the string NOT PRESENT.

       -k key ... directory

               Specifies the nickname (key) of the certificate you want to sign
               with and signs the files in the specified directory. The directory
               to sign is always specified as the last command-line argument.
               Thus, it is possible to write signtool -k MyCert -d . signdir You
               may have trouble if the nickname contains a single quotation mark.
               To avoid problems, escape the quotation mark using the escape
               conventions for your platform. It's also possible to use the -k
               option without signing any files or specifying a directory. For
               example, you can use it with the -l option to get detailed
               information about a particular signing certificate.

       -G nickname

               Generates a new private-public key pair and corresponding
               object-signing certificate with the given nickname. The newly
               generated keys and certificate are installed into the key and
               certificate databases in the directory specified by the -d option.
               With the NT version of Netscape Signing Tool, you must use the -d
               option with the -G option. With the Unix version of Netscape
               Signing Tool, omitting the -d option causes the tool to install
               the keys and certificate in the Communicator key and certificate
               databases. If you are installing the keys and certificate in the
               Communicator databases, you must exit Communicator before using
               this option; otherwise, you risk corrupting the databases. In all
               cases, the certificate is also output to a file named x509.cacert,
               which has the MIME-type application/x-x509-ca-cert. Unlike
               certificates normally used to sign finished code to be distributed
               over a network, a test certificate created with -G is not signed
               by a recognized certificate authority. Instead, it is self-signed.
               In addition, a single test signing certificate functions as both
               an object-signing certificate and a CA. When you are using it to
               sign objects, it behaves like an object-signing certificate. When
               it is imported into browser software such as Communicator, it
               behaves like an object-signing CA and cannot be used to sign
               objects. The -G option is available in Netscape Signing Tool 1.0
               and later versions only. By default, it produces only RSA
               certificates with 1024-byte keys in the internal token. However,
               you can use the -s option specify the required key size and the -t
               option to specify the token. For more information about the use of
               the -G option, see "Generating Test Object-Signing
               Certificates""Generating Test Object-Signing Certificates" on page
               1241.

       -l

               Lists signing certificates, including issuing CAs. If any of your
               certificates are expired or invalid, the list will so specify.
               This option can be used with the -k option to list detailed
               information about a particular signing certificate. The -l option
               is available in Netscape Signing Tool 1.0 and later versions only.

       -J

               Signs a directory of HTML files containing JavaScript and creates
               as many archive files as are specified in the HTML tags. Even if
               signtool creates more than one archive file, you need to supply
               the key database password only once. The -J option is available
               only in Netscape Signing Tool 1.0 and later versions. The -J
               option cannot be used at the same time as the -Z option. If the
               -c# option is not used with the -J option, the default compression
               value is 6. Note that versions 1.1 and later of Netscape Signing
               Tool correctly recognizes the CODEBASE attribute, allows paths to
               be expressed for the CLASS and SRC attributes instead of filenames
               only, processes LINK tags and parses HTML correctly, and offers
               clearer error messages.

       -L

               Lists the certificates in your database. An asterisk appears to
               the left of the nickname for any certificate that can be used to
               sign objects with signtool.

       --leavearc

               Retains the temporary .arc (archive) directories that the -J
               option creates. These directories are automatically erased by
               default. Retaining the temporary directories can be an aid to
               debugging.

       -m metafile

               Specifies the name of a metadata control file. Metadata is signed
               information attached either to the JAR archive itself or to files
               within the archive. This metadata can be any ASCII string, but is
               used mainly for specifying an installer script. The metadata file
               contains one entry per line, each with three fields: field #1:
               file specification, or + if you want to specify global metadata
               (that is, metadata about the JAR archive itself or all entries in
               the archive) field #2: the name of the data you are specifying;
               for example: Install-Script field #3: data corresponding to the
               name in field #2 For example, the -i option uses the equivalent of
               this line: + Install-Script: script.js This example associates a
               MIME type with a file: movie.qt MIME-Type: video/quicktime For
               information about the way installer script information appears in
               the manifest file for a JAR archive, see The JAR Format on
               Netscape DevEdge.

       -M

               Lists the PKCS #11 modules available to signtool, including smart
               cards. The -M option is available in Netscape Signing Tool 1.0 and
               later versions only. For information on using Netscape Signing
               Tool with smart cards, see "Using Netscape Signing Tool with Smart
               Cards". For information on using the -M option to verify
               FIPS-140-1 validated mode, see "Netscape Signing Tool and
               FIPS-140-1".

       --norecurse

               Blocks recursion into subdirectories when signing a directory's
               contents or when parsing HTML.

       -o

               Optimizes the archive for size. Use this only if you are signing
               very large archives containing hundreds of files. This option
               makes the manifest files (required by the JAR format) considerably
               smaller, but they contain slightly less information.

       --outfile outputfile

               Specifies a file to receive redirected output from Netscape
               Signing Tool.

       -p password

               Specifies a password for the private-key database. Note that the
               password entered on the command line is displayed as plain text.

       -s keysize

               Specifies the size of the key for generated certificate. Use the
               -M option to find out what tokens are available. The -s option can
               be used with the -G option only.

       -t token

               Specifies which available token should generate the key and
               receive the certificate. Use the -M option to find out what tokens
               are available. The -t option can be used with the -G option only.

       -v archive

               Displays the contents of an archive and verifies the cryptographic
               integrity of the digital signatures it contains and the files with
               which they are associated. This includes checking that the
               certificate for the issuer of the object-signing certificate is
               listed in the certificate database, that the CA's digital
               signature on the object-signing certificate is valid, that the
               relevant certificates have not expired, and so on.

       --verbosity value

               Sets the quantity of information Netscape Signing Tool generates
               in operation. A value of 0 (zero) is the default and gives full
               information. A value of -1 suppresses most messages, but not error
               messages.

       -w archive

               Displays the names of signers of any files in the archive.

       -x directory

               Excludes the specified directory from signing. Note that with
               Netscape Signing Tool version 1.1 and later this option can appear
               multiple times on one command line, making it possible to specify
               several particular directories to exclude.

       -z

               Tells signtool not to store the signing time in the digital
               signature. This option is useful if you want the expiration date
               of the signature checked against the current date and time rather
               than the time the files were signed.

       -Z jarfile

               Creates a JAR file with the specified name. You must specify this
               option if you want signtool to create the JAR file; it does not do
               so automatically. If you don't specify -Z, you must use an
               external ZIP tool to create the JAR file. The -Z option cannot be
               used at the same time as the -J option. If the -c# option is not
               used with the -Z option, the default compression value is 6.

    The Command File Format

       Entries in a Netscape Signing Tool command file have this general format:
       keyword=value Everything before the = sign on a single line is a keyword,
       and everything from the = sign to the end of line is a value. The value
       may include = signs; only the first = sign on a line is interpreted. Blank
       lines are ignored, but white space on a line with keywords and values is
       assumed to be part of the keyword (if it comes before the equal sign) or
       part of the value (if it comes after the first equal sign). Keywords are
       case insensitive, values are generally case sensitive. Since the = sign
       and newline delimit the value, it should not be quoted.

       Subsection

       basename

               Same as -b option.

       compression

               Same as -c option.

       certdir

               Same as -d option.

       extension

               Same as -e option.

       generate

               Same as -G option.

       installscript

               Same as -i option.

       javascriptdir

               Same as -j option.

       htmldir

               Same as -J option.

       certname

               Nickname of certificate, as with -k and -l -k options.

       signdir

               The directory to be signed, as with -k option.

       list

               Same as -l option. Value is ignored, but = sign must be present.

       listall

               Same as -L option. Value is ignored, but = sign must be present.

       metafile

               Same as -m option.

       modules

               Same as -M option. Value is ignored, but = sign must be present.

       optimize

               Same as -o option. Value is ignored, but = sign must be present.

       password

               Same as -p option.

       keysize

               Same as -s option.

       token

               Same as -t option.

       verify

               Same as -v option.

       who

               Same as -w option.

       exclude

               Same as -x option.

       notime

               Same as -z option. value is ignored, but = sign must be present.

       jarfile

               Same as -Z option.

       outfile

               Name of a file to which output and error messages will be
               redirected. This option has no command-line equivalent.

    Extended Examples

       The following example will do this and that

       Listing Available Signing Certificates

       You use the -L option to list the nicknames for all available certificates
       and check which ones are signing certificates.

     signtool -L

     using certificate directory: /u/jsmith/.netscape
     S Certificates
     - ------------
       BBN Certificate Services CA Root 1
       IBM World Registry CA
       VeriSign Class 1 CA - Individual Subscriber - VeriSign, Inc.
       GTE CyberTrust Root CA
       Uptime Group Plc. Class 4 CA
     * Verisign Object Signing Cert
       Integrion CA
       GTE CyberTrust Secure Server CA
       AT&T Directory Services
     * test object signing cert
       Uptime Group Plc. Class 1 CA
       VeriSign Class 1 Primary CA
     - ------------

     Certificates that can be used to sign objects have *'s to their left.

       Two signing certificates are displayed: Verisign Object Signing Cert and
       test object signing cert.

       You use the -l option to get a list of signing certificates only,
       including the signing CA for each.

     signtool -l

     using certificate directory: /u/jsmith/.netscape
     Object signing certificates
     ---------------------------------------

     Verisign Object Signing Cert
         Issued by: VeriSign, Inc. - Verisign, Inc.
         Expires: Tue May 19, 1998
     test object signing cert
         Issued by: test object signing cert (Signtool 1.0 Testing
     Certificate (960187691))
         Expires: Sun May 17, 1998
     ---------------------------------------

       For a list including CAs, use the -L option.

       Signing a File

       1. Create an empty directory.

     mkdir signdir

       2. Put some file into it.

     echo boo > signdir/test.f

       3. Specify the name of your object-signing certificate and sign the
       directory.

     signtool -k MySignCert -Z testjar.jar signdir

     using key "MySignCert"
     using certificate directory: /u/jsmith/.netscape
     Generating signdir/META-INF/manifest.mf file..
     --> test.f
     adding signdir/test.f to testjar.jar
     Generating signtool.sf file..
     Enter Password or Pin for "Communicator Certificate DB":

     adding signdir/META-INF/manifest.mf to testjar.jar
     adding signdir/META-INF/signtool.sf to testjar.jar
     adding signdir/META-INF/signtool.rsa to testjar.jar

     tree "signdir" signed successfully

       4. Test the archive you just created.

     signtool -v testjar.jar

     using certificate directory: /u/jsmith/.netscape
     archive "testjar.jar" has passed crypto verification.
                status   path
          ------------   -------------------
              verified   test.f

       Using Netscape Signing Tool with a ZIP Utility

       To use Netscape Signing Tool with a ZIP utility, you must have the utility
       in your path environment variable. You should use the zip.exe utility
       rather than pkzip.exe, which cannot handle long filenames. You can use a
       ZIP utility instead of the -Z option to package a signed archive into a
       JAR file after you have signed it:

     cd signdir

       zip -r ../myjar.jar *
       adding: META-INF/ (stored 0%)
       adding: META-INF/manifest.mf (deflated 15%)
       adding: META-INF/signtool.sf (deflated 28%)
       adding: META-INF/signtool.rsa (stored 0%)
       adding: text.txt (stored 0%)

       Generating the Keys and Certificate

       The signtool option -G generates a new public-private key pair and
       certificate. It takes the nickname of the new certificate as an argument.
       The newly generated keys and certificate are installed into the key and
       certificate databases in the directory specified by the -d option. With
       the NT version of Netscape Signing Tool, you must use the -d option with
       the -G option. With the Unix version of Netscape Signing Tool, omitting
       the -d option causes the tool to install the keys and certificate in the
       Communicator key and certificate databases. In all cases, the certificate
       is also output to a file named x509.cacert, which has the MIME-type
       application/x-x509-ca-cert.

       Certificates contain standard information about the entity they identify,
       such as the common name and organization name. Netscape Signing Tool
       prompts you for this information when you run the command with the -G
       option. However, all of the requested fields are optional for test
       certificates. If you do not enter a common name, the tool provides a
       default name. In the following example, the user input is in boldface:

     signtool -G MyTestCert

     using certificate directory: /u/someuser/.netscape
     Enter certificate information. All fields are optional. Acceptable
     characters are numbers, letters, spaces, and apostrophes.
     certificate common name: Test Object Signing Certificate
     organization: Netscape Communications Corp.
     organization unit: Server Products Division
     state or province: California
     country (must be exactly 2 characters): US
     username: someuser
     email address: [email protected]
     Enter Password or Pin for "Communicator Certificate DB": [Password will not echo]
     generated public/private key pair
     certificate request generated
     certificate has been signed
     certificate "MyTestCert" added to database
     Exported certificate to x509.raw and x509.cacert.

       The certificate information is read from standard input. Therefore, the
       information can be read from a file using the redirection operator (<) in
       some operating systems. To create a file for this purpose, enter each of
       the seven input fields, in order, on a separate line. Make sure there is a
       newline character at the end of the last line. Then run signtool with
       standard input redirected from your file as follows:

     signtool -G MyTestCert inputfile

       The prompts show up on the screen, but the responses will be automatically
       read from the file. The password will still be read from the console
       unless you use the -p option to give the password on the command line.

       Using the -M Option to List Smart Cards

       You can use the -M option to list the PKCS #11 modules, including smart
       cards, that are available to signtool:

     signtool -d "c:\netscape\users\jsmith" -M

     using certificate directory: c:\netscape\users\username
     Listing of PKCS11 modules
     -----------------------------------------------
             1. Netscape Internal PKCS #11 Module
                               (this module is internally loaded)
                               slots: 2 slots attached
                               status: loaded
               slot: Communicator Internal Cryptographic Services Version 4.0
              token: Communicator Generic Crypto Svcs
               slot: Communicator User Private Key and Certificate Services
              token: Communicator Certificate DB
             2. CryptOS
                               (this is an external module)
      DLL name: core32
              slots: 1 slots attached
             status: loaded
               slot: Litronic 210
              token:
             -----------------------------------------------

       Using Netscape Signing Tool and a Smart Card to Sign Files

       The signtool command normally takes an argument of the -k option to
       specify a signing certificate. To sign with a smart card, you supply only
       the fully qualified name of the certificate.

       To see fully qualified certificate names when you run Communicator, click
       the Security button in Navigator, then click Yours under Certificates in
       the left frame. Fully qualified names are of the format smart
       card:certificate, for example "MyCard:My Signing Cert". You use this name
       with the -k argument as follows:

     signtool -k "MyCard:My Signing Cert" directory

       Verifying FIPS Mode

       Use the -M option to verify that you are using the FIPS-140-1 module.

     signtool -d "c:\netscape\users\jsmith" -M

     using certificate directory: c:\netscape\users\jsmith
     Listing of PKCS11 modules
     -----------------------------------------------
       1. Netscape Internal PKCS #11 Module
               (this module is internally loaded)
               slots: 2 slots attached
               status: loaded
         slot: Communicator Internal Cryptographic Services Version 4.0
        token: Communicator Generic Crypto Svcs
         slot: Communicator User Private Key and Certificate Services
        token: Communicator Certificate DB
     -----------------------------------------------

       This Unix example shows that Netscape Signing Tool is using a FIPS-140-1
       module:

     signtool -d "c:\netscape\users\jsmith" -M
     using certificate directory: c:\netscape\users\jsmith
     Enter Password or Pin for "Communicator Certificate DB": [password will not echo]
     Listing of PKCS11 modules
     -----------------------------------------------
     1. Netscape Internal FIPS PKCS #11 Module
     (this module is internally loaded)
     slots: 1 slots attached
     status: loaded
     slot: Netscape Internal FIPS-140-1 Cryptographic Services
     token: Communicator Certificate DB
     -----------------------------------------------

    See Also

       signver (1)

       The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to
       configure applications to use it.

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB

    Additional Resources

       For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check
       out the NSS project wiki at
       [1]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/. The NSS site relates
       directly to NSS code changes and releases.

       Mailing lists: https://lists.mozilla.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto

       IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki

    Authors

       The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red
       Hat, and Sun.

       Authors: Elio Maldonado <[email protected]>, Deon Lackey
       <[email protected]>.

    Copyright

       (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.

    References

       Visible links
       1. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
    133 NSS tools : signver
    Name

       signver — Verify a detached PKCS#7 signature for a file.

    Synopsis

       signtool -A | -V -d directory [-a] [-i input_file] [-o output_file] [-s
       signature_file] [-v]

    Description

       The Signature Verification Tool, signver, is a simple command-line utility
       that unpacks a base-64-encoded PKCS#7 signed object and verifies the
       digital signature using standard cryptographic techniques. The Signature
       Verification Tool can also display the contents of the signed object.

    Options

       -A

               Displays all of the information in the PKCS#7 signature.

       -V

               Verifies the digital signature.

       -d [sql:]directory

               Specify the database directory which contains the certificates and
               keys.

               signver supports two types of databases: the legacy security
               databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite
               databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql:
               is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in
               the old format.

       -a

               Sets that the given signature file is in ASCII format.

       -i input_file

               Gives the input file for the object with signed data.

       -o output_file

               Gives the output file to which to write the results.

       -s signature_file

               Gives the input file for the digital signature.

       -v

               Enables verbose output.

    Extended Examples

      Verifying a Signature

       The -V option verifies that the signature in a given signature file is
       valid when used to sign the given object (from the input file).

     signver -V -s signature_file -i signed_file -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

     signatureValid=yes

      Printing Signature Data

       The -A option prints all of the information contained in a signature file.
       Using the -o option prints the signature file information to the given
       output file rather than stdout.

     signver -A -s signature_file -o output_file

    NSS Database Types

       NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information.
       The last versions of these legacy databases are:

         o cert8.db for certificates

         o key3.db for keys

         o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information

       BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from
       being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some
       flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent
       database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the
       access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly
       shared security database.

       In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases
       rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and
       performance:

         o cert9.db for certificates

         o key4.db for keys

         o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained
           in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory

       Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the
       shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy
       format is included for backward compatibility.

       By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given
       security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite
       databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the
       given security directory. For example:

     # signver -A -s signature -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

       To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the
       NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql:

     export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE="sql"

       This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change
       permanent.

       Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can
       be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to
       configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases:

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto

       For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see
       the NSS project wiki:

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB

    See Also

       signtool (1)

       The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to
       configure applications to use it.

         o Setting up the shared NSS database

           https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto

         o Engineering and technical information about the shared NSS database

           https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB

    Additional Resources

       For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check
       out the NSS project wiki at
       [1]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/. The NSS site relates
       directly to NSS code changes and releases.

       Mailing lists: https://lists.mozilla.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto

       IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki

    Authors

       The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red
       Hat, and Sun.

       Authors: Elio Maldonado <[email protected]>, Deon Lackey
       <[email protected]>.

    Copyright

       (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.

    References

       Visible links
       1. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
    134 NSS tools : ssltap
    Name

       ssltap — Tap into SSL connections and display the data going by

    Synopsis

       libssltap [-vhfsxl] [-p port] [hostname:port]

    Description

       The SSL Debugging Tool ssltap is an SSL-aware command-line proxy. It
       watches TCP connections and displays the data going by. If a connection is
       SSL, the data display includes interpreted SSL records and handshaking

    Options

       -v

               Print a version string for the tool.

       -h

               Turn on hex/ASCII printing. Instead of outputting raw data, the
               command interprets each record as a numbered line of hex values,
               followed by the same data as ASCII characters. The two parts are
               separated by a vertical bar. Nonprinting characters are replaced
               by dots.

       -f

               Turn on fancy printing. Output is printed in colored HTML. Data
               sent from the client to the server is in blue; the server's reply
               is in red. When used with looping mode, the different connections
               are separated with horizontal lines. You can use this option to
               upload the output into a browser.

       -s

               Turn on SSL parsing and decoding. The tool does not automatically
               detect SSL sessions. If you are intercepting an SSL connection,
               use this option so that the tool can detect and decode SSL
               structures.

               If the tool detects a certificate chain, it saves the DER-encoded
               certificates into files in the current directory. The files are
               named cert.0x, where x is the sequence number of the certificate.

               If the -s option is used with -h, two separate parts are printed
               for each record: the plain hex/ASCII output, and the parsed SSL
               output.

       -x

               Turn on hex/ASCII printing of undecoded data inside parsed SSL
               records. Used only with the -s option. This option uses the same
               output format as the -h option.

       -l prefix

               Turn on looping; that is, continue to accept connections rather
               than stopping after the first connection is complete.

       -p port

               Change the default rendezvous port (1924) to another port.

               The following are well-known port numbers:

               * HTTP 80

               * HTTPS 443

               * SMTP 25

               * FTP 21

               * IMAP 143

               * IMAPS 993 (IMAP over SSL)

               * NNTP 119

               * NNTPS 563 (NNTP over SSL)

    Usage and Examples

       You can use the SSL Debugging Tool to intercept any connection
       information. Although you can run the tool at its most basic by issuing
       the ssltap command with no options other than hostname:port, the
       information you get in this way is not very useful. For example, assume
       your development machine is called intercept. The simplest way to use the
       debugging tool is to execute the following command from a command shell:

     $ ssltap www.netscape.com

       The program waits for an incoming connection on the default port 1924. In
       your browser window, enter the URL https://intercept:1924. The browser
       retrieves the requested page from the server at www.netscape.com, but the
       page is intercepted and passed on to the browser by the debugging tool on
       intercept. On its way to the browser, the data is printed to the command
       shell from which you issued the command. Data sent from the client to the
       server is surrounded by the following symbols: --> [ data ] Data sent from
       the server to the client is surrounded by the following symbols: "left
       arrow"-- [ data ] The raw data stream is sent to standard output and is
       not interpreted in any way. This can result in peculiar effects, such as
       sounds, flashes, and even crashes of the command shell window. To output a
       basic, printable interpretation of the data, use the -h option, or, if you
       are looking at an SSL connection, the -s option. You will notice that the
       page you retrieved looks incomplete in the browser. This is because, by
       default, the tool closes down after the first connection is complete, so
       the browser is not able to load images. To make the tool continue to
       accept connections, switch on looping mode with the -l option. The
       following examples show the output from commonly used combinations of
       options.

       Example 1

     $ ssltap.exe -sx -p 444 interzone.mcom.com:443 > sx.txt

       Output

     Connected to interzone.mcom.com:443
     -->; [
     alloclen = 66 bytes
        [ssl2]  ClientHelloV2 {
                 version = {0x03, 0x00}
                 cipher-specs-length = 39 (0x27)
                 sid-length = 0 (0x00)
                 challenge-length = 16 (0x10)
                 cipher-suites = {

                     (0x010080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-128/MD5
                       (0x020080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-40/MD5
                       (0x030080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC128/MD5
                       (0x040080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC40/MD5
                       (0x060040) SSL2/RSA/DES64CBC/MD5
                       (0x0700c0) SSL2/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/MD5
                       (0x000004) SSL3/RSA/RC4-128/MD5
                       (0x00ffe0) SSL3/RSA-FIPS/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA
                       (0x00000a) SSL3/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA
                       (0x00ffe1) SSL3/RSA-FIPS/DES64CBC/SHA
                       (0x000009) SSL3/RSA/DES64CBC/SHA
                       (0x000003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5
                       (0x000006) SSL3/RSA/RC2CBC40/MD5
                       }
                 session-id = { }
                 challenge = { 0xec5d 0x8edb 0x37c9 0xb5c9 0x7b70 0x8fe9 0xd1d3

     0x2592 }
     }
     ]
     <-- [
     SSLRecord {
        0: 16 03 00 03  e5                                   |.....
        type    = 22 (handshake)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 997 (0x3e5)
        handshake {
        0: 02 00 00 46                                      |...F
           type = 2 (server_hello)
           length = 70 (0x000046)
                 ServerHello {
                 server_version = {3, 0}
                 random = {...}
        0: 77 8c 6e 26  6c 0c ec c0  d9 58 4f 47  d3 2d 01 45  |
     wn&l.ì..XOG.-.E
        10: 5c 17 75 43  a7 4c 88 c7  88 64 3c 50  41 48 4f 7f  |

     \.uC§L.Ç.d<PAHO.
                       session ID = {
                       length = 32

                     contents = {..}
        0: 14 11 07 a8  2a 31 91 29  11 94 40 37  57 10 a7 32  | ...¨*1.)..@7W.§2
        10: 56 6f 52 62  fe 3d b3 65  b1 e4 13 0f  52 a3 c8 f6  | VoRbþ=³e±...R£È.
              }
                    cipher_suite = (0x0003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5
              }
        0: 0b 00 02 c5                                      |...Å
           type = 11 (certificate)
           length = 709 (0x0002c5)
                 CertificateChain {
                 chainlength = 706 (0x02c2)
                    Certificate {
                 size = 703 (0x02bf)
                    data = { saved in file 'cert.001' }
                 }
              }
        0: 0c 00 00 ca                                      |....
              type = 12 (server_key_exchange)
              length = 202 (0x0000ca)
        0: 0e 00 00 00                                      |....
              type = 14 (server_hello_done)
              length = 0 (0x000000)
        }
     }
     ]
     --> [
     SSLRecord {
        0: 16 03 00 00  44                                   |....D
        type    = 22 (handshake)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 68 (0x44)
        handshake {
        0: 10 00 00 40                                      |...@
        type = 16 (client_key_exchange)
        length = 64 (0x000040)
              ClientKeyExchange {
                 message = {...}
              }
        }
     }
     ]
     --> [
     SSLRecord {
        0: 14 03 00 00  01                                   |.....
        type    = 20 (change_cipher_spec)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 1 (0x1)
        0: 01                                               |.
     }
     SSLRecord {
        0: 16 03 00 00  38                                   |....8
        type    = 22 (handshake)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 56 (0x38)
                    < encrypted >

     }
     ]
     <-- [
     SSLRecord {
        0: 14 03 00 00  01                                   |.....
        type    = 20 (change_cipher_spec)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 1 (0x1)
        0: 01                                               |.
     }
     ]
     <-- [
     SSLRecord {
        0: 16 03 00 00  38                                   |....8
        type    = 22 (handshake)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 56 (0x38)
                       < encrypted >

     }
     ]
     --> [
     SSLRecord {
        0: 17 03 00 01  1f                                   |.....
        type    = 23 (application_data)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 287 (0x11f)
                    < encrypted >
     }
     ]
     <-- [
     SSLRecord {
        0: 17 03 00 00  a0                                   |....
        type    = 23 (application_data)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 160 (0xa0)
                    < encrypted >

     }
     ]
     <-- [
     SSLRecord {
     0: 17 03 00 00  df                                   |....ß
        type    = 23 (application_data)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 223 (0xdf)
                    < encrypted >

     }
     SSLRecord {
        0: 15 03 00 00  12                                   |.....
        type    = 21 (alert)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 18 (0x12)
                    < encrypted >
     }
     ]
     Server socket closed.

       Example 2

       The -s option turns on SSL parsing. Because the -x option is not used in
       this example, undecoded values are output as raw data. The output is
       routed to a text file.

     $ ssltap -s  -p 444 interzone.mcom.com:443 > s.txt

       Output

     Connected to interzone.mcom.com:443
     --> [
     alloclen = 63 bytes
        [ssl2]  ClientHelloV2 {
                 version = {0x03, 0x00}
                 cipher-specs-length = 36 (0x24)
                 sid-length = 0 (0x00)
                 challenge-length = 16 (0x10)
                 cipher-suites = {
                       (0x010080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-128/MD5
                       (0x020080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-40/MD5
                       (0x030080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC128/MD5
                       (0x060040) SSL2/RSA/DES64CBC/MD5
                       (0x0700c0) SSL2/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/MD5
                       (0x000004) SSL3/RSA/RC4-128/MD5
                       (0x00ffe0) SSL3/RSA-FIPS/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA
                       (0x00000a) SSL3/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA
                       (0x00ffe1) SSL3/RSA-FIPS/DES64CBC/SHA
                       (0x000009) SSL3/RSA/DES64CBC/SHA
                       (0x000003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5
                       }
                    session-id = { }
                 challenge = { 0x713c 0x9338 0x30e1 0xf8d6 0xb934 0x7351 0x200c
     0x3fd0 }
     ]
     >-- [
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 22 (handshake)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 997 (0x3e5)
        handshake {
              type = 2 (server_hello)
              length = 70 (0x000046)
                 ServerHello {
                 server_version = {3, 0}
                 random = {...}
                 session ID = {
                    length = 32
                    contents = {..}
                    }
                    cipher_suite = (0x0003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5
                 }
              type = 11 (certificate)
              length = 709 (0x0002c5)
                 CertificateChain {
                    chainlength = 706 (0x02c2)
                    Certificate {
                       size = 703 (0x02bf)
                       data = { saved in file 'cert.001' }
                    }
                 }
              type = 12 (server_key_exchange)
              length = 202 (0x0000ca)
              type = 14 (server_hello_done)
              length = 0 (0x000000)
        }
     }
     ]
     --> [
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 22 (handshake)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 68 (0x44)
        handshake {
              type = 16 (client_key_exchange)
              length = 64 (0x000040)
                 ClientKeyExchange {
                    message = {...}
                 }
        }
     }
     ]
     --> [
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 20 (change_cipher_spec)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 1 (0x1)
     }
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 22 (handshake)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 56 (0x38)
                    > encrypted >
     }
     ]
     >-- [
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 20 (change_cipher_spec)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 1 (0x1)
     }
     ]
     >-- [
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 22 (handshake)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 56 (0x38)
                    > encrypted >
     }
     ]
     --> [
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 23 (application_data)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 287 (0x11f)
                    > encrypted >
     }
     ]
     [
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 23 (application_data)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 160 (0xa0)
                    > encrypted >
     }
     ]
     >-- [
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 23 (application_data)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 223 (0xdf)
                    > encrypted >
     }
     SSLRecord {
        type    = 21 (alert)
        version = { 3,0 }
        length  = 18 (0x12)
                    > encrypted >
     }
     ]
     Server socket closed.

       Example 3

       In this example, the -h option turns hex/ASCII format. There is no SSL
       parsing or decoding. The output is routed to a text file.

     $ ssltap -h  -p 444 interzone.mcom.com:443 > h.txt

       Output

     Connected to interzone.mcom.com:443
     --> [
        0: 80 40 01 03  00 00 27 00  00 00 10 01  00 80 02 00  | .@....'.........
        10: 80 03 00 80  04 00 80 06  00 40 07 00  c0 00 00 04  | .........@......
        20: 00 ff e0 00  00 0a 00 ff  e1 00 00 09  00 00 03 00  | ........á.......
        30: 00 06 9b fe  5b 56 96 49  1f 9f ca dd  d5 ba b9 52  | ..þ[V.I.\xd9 ...º¹R
        40: 6f 2d                                            |o-
     ]
     <-- [
        0: 16 03 00 03  e5 02 00 00  46 03 00 7f  e5 0d 1b 1d  | ........F.......
        10: 68 7f 3a 79  60 d5 17 3c  1d 9c 96 b3  88 d2 69 3b  | h.:y`..<..³.Òi;
        20: 78 e2 4b 8b  a6 52 12 4b  46 e8 c2 20  14 11 89 05  | x.K.¦R.KFè. ...
        30: 4d 52 91 fd  93 e0 51 48  91 90 08 96  c1 b6 76 77  | MR.ý..QH.....¶vw
        40: 2a f4 00 08  a1 06 61 a2  64 1f 2e 9b  00 03 00 0b  | *ô..¡.a¢d......
        50: 00 02 c5 00  02 c2 00 02  bf 30 82 02  bb 30 82 02  | ..Å......0...0..
        60: 24 a0 03 02  01 02 02 02  01 36 30 0d  06 09 2a 86  | $ .......60...*.
        70: 48 86 f7 0d  01 01 04 05  00 30 77 31  0b 30 09 06  | H.÷......0w1.0..
        80: 03 55 04 06  13 02 55 53  31 2c 30 2a  06 03 55 04  | .U....US1,0*..U.
        90: 0a 13 23 4e  65 74 73 63  61 70 65 20  43 6f 6d 6d  | ..#Netscape Comm
        a0: 75 6e 69 63  61 74 69 6f  6e 73 20 43  6f 72 70 6f  | unications Corpo
        b0: 72 61 74 69  6f 6e 31 11  30 0f 06 03  55 04 0b 13  | ration1.0...U...
        c0: 08 48 61 72  64 63 6f 72  65 31 27 30  25 06 03 55  | .Hardcore1'0%..U
        d0: 04 03 13 1e  48 61 72 64  63 6f 72 65  20 43 65 72  | ....Hardcore Cer
        e0: 74 69 66 69  63 61 74 65  20 53 65 72  76 65 72 20  | tificate Server
        f0: 49 49 30 1e  17 0d 39 38  30 35 31 36  30 31 30 33  | II0...9805160103
     <additional data lines>
     ]
     <additional records in same format>
     Server socket closed.

       Example 4

       In this example, the -s option turns on SSL parsing, and the -h option
       turns on hex/ASCII format. Both formats are shown for each record. The
       output is routed to a text file.

     $ ssltap -hs -p 444 interzone.mcom.com:443 > hs.txt

       Output

     Connected to interzone.mcom.com:443
     --> [
        0: 80 3d 01 03  00 00 24 00  00 00 10 01  00 80 02 00  | .=....$.........
        10: 80 03 00 80  04 00 80 06  00 40 07 00  c0 00 00 04  | .........@......
        20: 00 ff e0 00  00 0a 00 ff  e1 00 00 09  00 00 03 03  | ........á.......
        30: 55 e6 e4 99  79 c7 d7 2c  86 78 96 5d  b5 cf e9     |U..yÇ\xb0 ,.x.]µÏé
     alloclen = 63 bytes
        [ssl2]  ClientHelloV2 {
                 version = {0x03, 0x00}
                 cipher-specs-length = 36 (0x24)
                 sid-length = 0 (0x00)
                 challenge-length = 16 (0x10)
                 cipher-suites = {
                       (0x010080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-128/MD5
                       (0x020080) SSL2/RSA/RC4-40/MD5
                       (0x030080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC128/MD5
                       (0x040080) SSL2/RSA/RC2CBC40/MD5
                       (0x060040) SSL2/RSA/DES64CBC/MD5
                       (0x0700c0) SSL2/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/MD5
                       (0x000004) SSL3/RSA/RC4-128/MD5
                       (0x00ffe0) SSL3/RSA-FIPS/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA
                       (0x00000a) SSL3/RSA/3DES192EDE-CBC/SHA
                       (0x00ffe1) SSL3/RSA-FIPS/DES64CBC/SHA
                       (0x000009) SSL3/RSA/DES64CBC/SHA
                       (0x000003) SSL3/RSA/RC4-40/MD5
                       }
                 session-id = { }
                 challenge = { 0x0355 0xe6e4 0x9979 0xc7d7 0x2c86 0x7896 0x5db

     0xcfe9 }
     }
     ]
     <additional records in same formats>
     Server socket closed.

    Usage Tips

       When SSL restarts a previous session, it makes use of cached information
       to do a partial handshake. If you wish to capture a full SSL handshake,
       restart the browser to clear the session id cache.

       If you run the tool on a machine other than the SSL server to which you
       are trying to connect, the browser will complain that the host name you
       are trying to connect to is different from the certificate. If you are
       using the default BadCert callback, you can still connect through a
       dialog. If you are not using the default BadCert callback, the one you
       supply must allow for this possibility.

    See Also

       The NSS Security Tools are also documented at
       [1]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/.

    Additional Resources

       NSS is maintained in conjunction with PKI and security-related projects
       through Mozilla dn Fedora. The most closely-related project is Dogtag PKI,
       with a project wiki at [2]https://pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/.

       For information specifically about NSS, the NSS project wiki is located at
       [3]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/. The NSS site relates
       directly to NSS code changes and releases.

       Mailing lists: [email protected] and [email protected]

       IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki

    Authors

       The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape and
       now with Red Hat and Sun.

       Authors: Elio Maldonado <[email protected]>, Deon Lackey
       <[email protected]>.

    Copyright

       (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.

    References

       Visible links
       1. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/secu.../pki/nss/tools
       2. https://pki.fedoraproject.org/wiki/
       3. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
    135 NSS tools : vfychain
    Name

       vfychain — vfychain [options] [revocation options] certfile [[options]
       certfile] ...

    Synopsis

       vfychain

    Description

       The verification Tool, vfychain, verifies certificate chains. modutil can
       add and delete PKCS #11 modules, change passwords on security databases,
       set defaults, list module contents, enable or disable slots, enable or
       disable FIPS 140-2 compliance, and assign default providers for
       cryptographic operations. This tool can also create certificate, key, and
       module security database files.

       The tasks associated with security module database management are part of
       a process that typically also involves managing key databases and
       certificate databases.

    Options

       -a
               the following certfile is base64 encoded

       -b YYMMDDHHMMZ
               Validate date (default: now)

       -d directory
               database directory

       -f
               Enable cert fetching from AIA URL

       -o oid
               Set policy OID for cert validation(Format OID.1.2.3)

       -p

               Use PKIX Library to validate certificate by calling:

               * CERT_VerifyCertificate if specified once,

               * CERT_PKIXVerifyCert if specified twice and more.

       -r
               Following certfile is raw binary DER (default)

       -t
               Following cert is explicitly trusted (overrides db trust)

       -u usage

               0=SSL client, 1=SSL server, 2=SSL StepUp, 3=SSL CA, 4=Email
               signer, 5=Email recipient, 6=Object signer,
               9=ProtectedObjectSigner, 10=OCSP responder, 11=Any CA

       -v
               Verbose mode. Prints root cert subject(double the argument for
               whole root cert info)

       -w password
               Database password

       -W pwfile
               Password file

               Revocation options for PKIX API (invoked with -pp options) is a
               collection of the following flags: [-g type [-h flags] [-m type
               [-s flags]] ...] ...

               Where:

       -g test-type
               Sets status checking test type. Possible values are "leaf" or
               "chain"

       -g test type
               Sets status checking test type. Possible values are "leaf" or
               "chain".

       -h test flags
               Sets revocation flags for the test type it follows. Possible
               flags: "testLocalInfoFirst" and "requireFreshInfo".

       -m method type
               Sets method type for the test type it follows. Possible types are
               "crl" and "ocsp".

       -s method flags
               Sets revocation flags for the method it follows. Possible types
               are "doNotUse", "forbidFetching", "ignoreDefaultSrc",
               "requireInfo" and "failIfNoInfo".

    Additional Resources

       For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check
       out the NSS project wiki at
       [1]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/. The NSS site relates
       directly to NSS code changes and releases.

       Mailing lists: https://lists.mozilla.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto

       IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki

    Authors

       The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red
       Hat, and Sun.

       Authors: Elio Maldonado <[email protected]>, Deon Lackey
       <[email protected]>.

    Copyright

       (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.

    References

       Visible links
       1. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
    136 NSS tools : vfyserv
    Coming soon
    137 certutil
    Name

       certutil — Manage keys and certificate in the the NSS database.

    Synopsis

       certutil [options] arguments

    Description

       The Certificate Database Tool, certutil, is a command-line utility that
       can create and modify certificate and key database files. It can also
       list, generate, modify, or delete certificates within the database, create
       or change the password, generate new public and private key pairs, display
       the contents of the key database, or delete key pairs within the key
       database.

       The key and certificate management process generally begins with creating
       keys in the key database, then generating and managing certificates in the
       certificate database. This document discusses certificate and key database
       management. For information security module database management, see the
       modutil manpages.

    Options and Arguments

       Running certutil always requires one (and only one) option to specify the
       type of certificate operation. Each option may take arguments, anywhere
       from none to multiple arguments. Run the command option and -H to see the
       arguments available for each command option.

       Options

       Options specify an action and are uppercase.

       -A

               Add an existing certificate to a certificate database. The
               certificate database should already exist; if one is not present,
               this option will initialize one by default.

       -B

               Run a series of commands from the specified batch file. This
               requires the -i argument.

       -C

               Create a new binary certificate file from a binary certificate
               request file. Use the -i argument to specify the certificate
               request file. If this argument is not used, certutil prompts for a
               filename.

       -D

               Delete a certificate from the certificate database.

       -E

               Add an email certificate to the certificate database.

       -F

               Delete a private key from a key database. Specify the key to
               delete with the -n argument. Specify the database from which to
               delete the key with the -d argument. Use the -k argument to
               specify explicitly whether to delete a DSA, RSA, or ECC key. If
               you don't use the -k argument, the option looks for an RSA key
               matching the specified nickname.

               When you delete keys, be sure to also remove any certificates
               associated with those keys from the certificate database, by using
               -D. Some smart cards (for example, the Litronic card) do not let
               you remove a public key you have generated. In such a case, only
               the private key is deleted from the key pair. You can display the
               public key with the command certutil -K -h tokenname.

       -G

               Generate a new public and private key pair within a key database.
               The key database should already exist; if one is not present, this
               option will initialize one by default. Some smart cards (for
               example, the Litronic card) can store only one key pair. If you
               create a new key pair for such a card, the previous pair is
               overwritten.

       -H

               Display a list of the options and arguments used by the
               Certificate Database Tool.

       -K

               List the key ID of keys in the key database. A key ID is the
               modulus of the RSA key or the publicValue of the DSA key. IDs are
               displayed in hexadecimal ("0x" is not shown).

       -L

               List all the certificates, or display information about a named
               certificate, in a certificate database. Use the -h tokenname
               argument to specify the certificate database on a particular
               hardware or software token.

       -M

               Modify a certificate's trust attributes using the values of the -t
               argument.

       -N

               Create new certificate and key databases.

       -O

               Print the certificate chain.

       -R

               Create a certificate request file that can be submitted to a
               Certificate Authority (CA) for processing into a finished
               certificate. Output defaults to standard out unless you use -o
               output-file argument. Use the -a argument to specify ASCII output.

       -S

               Create an individual certificate and add it to a certificate
               database.

       -T

               Reset the key database or token.

       -U

               List all available modules or print a single named module.

       -V

               Check the validity of a certificate and its attributes.

       -W

               Change the password to a key database.

       --merge

               Merge a source database into the target database. This is used to
               merge legacy NSS databases (cert8.db and key3.db) into the newer
               SQLite databases (cert9.db and key4.db).

       --upgrade-merge

               Upgrade an old database and merge it into a new database. This is
               used to migrate legacy NSS databases (cert8.db and key3.db) into
               the newer SQLite databases (cert9.db and key4.db).

       Arguments

       Option arguments modify an action and are lowercase.

       -a

               Use ASCII format or allow the use of ASCII format for input or
               output. This formatting follows RFC 1113. For certificate
               requests, ASCII output defaults to standard output unless
               redirected.

       -b validity-time

               Specify a time at which a certificate is required to be valid. Use
               when checking certificate validity with the -V option. The format
               of the validity-time argument is YYMMDDHHMMSS[+HHMM|-HHMM|Z],
               which allows offsets to be set relative to the validity end time.
               Specifying seconds (SS) is optional. When specifying an explicit
               time, use a Z at the end of the term, YYMMDDHHMMSSZ, to close it.
               When specifying an offset time, use YYMMDDHHMMSS+HHMM or
               YYMMDDHHMMSS-HHMM for adding or subtracting time, respectively.

               If this option is not used, the validity check defaults to the
               current system time.

       -c issuer

               Identify the certificate of the CA from which a new certificate
               will derive its authenticity. Use the exact nickname or alias of
               the CA certificate, or use the CA's email address. Bracket the
               issuer string with quotation marks if it contains spaces.

       -d [sql:]directory

               Specify the database directory containing the certificate and key
               database files.

               certutil supports two types of databases: the legacy security
               databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite
               databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql:
               is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in
               the old format.

       -e

               Check a certificate's signature during the process of validating a
               certificate.

       -f password-file

               Specify a file that will automatically supply the password to
               include in a certificate or to access a certificate database. This
               is a plain-text file containing one password. Be sure to prevent
               unauthorized access to this file.

       -g keysize

               Set a key size to use when generating new public and private key
               pairs. The minimum is 512 bits and the maximum is 8192 bits. The
               default is 1024 bits. Any size between the minimum and maximum is
               allowed.

       -h tokenname

               Specify the name of a token to use or act on. Unless specified
               otherwise the default token is an internal slot (specifically,
               internal slot 2). This slot can also be explicitly named with the
               string "internal". An internal slots is a virtual slot maintained
               in software, rather than a hardware device. Internal slot 2 is
               used by key and certificate services. Internal slot 1 is used by
               cryptographic services.

       -i input_file

               Pass an input file to the command. Depending on the command
               option, an input file can be a specific certificate, a certificate
               request file, or a batch file of commands.

       -k rsa|dsa|ec|all

               Specify the type of a key. The valid options are RSA, DSA, ECC, or
               all. The default value is rsa. Specifying the type of key can
               avoid mistakes caused by duplicate nicknames.

       -k key-type-or-id

               Specify the type or specific ID of a key. Giving a key type
               generates a new key pair; giving the ID of an existing key reuses
               that key pair (which is required to renew certificates).

       -l

               Display detailed information when validating a certificate with
               the -V option.

       -m serial-number

               Assign a unique serial number to a certificate being created. This
               operation should be performed by a CA. The default serial number
               is 0 (zero). Serial numbers are limited to integers.

       -n nickname

               Specify the nickname of a certificate or key to list, create, add
               to a database, modify, or validate. Bracket the nickname string
               with quotation marks if it contains spaces.

       -o output-file

               Specify the output file name for new certificates or binary
               certificate requests. Bracket the output-file string with
               quotation marks if it contains spaces. If this argument is not
               used the output destination defaults to standard output.

       -P dbPrefix

               Specify the prefix used on the certificate and key database file.
               This option is provided as a special case. Changing the names of
               the certificate and key databases is not recommended.

       -p phone

               Specify a contact telephone number to include in new certificates
               or certificate requests. Bracket this string with quotation marks
               if it contains spaces.

       -q pqgfile

               Read an alternate PQG value from the specified file when
               generating DSA key pairs. If this argument is not used, certutil
               generates its own PQG value. PQG files are created with a separate
               DSA utility.

       -q curve-name

               Set the elliptic curve name to use when generating ECC key pairs.
               A complete list of ECC curves is given in the help (-H).

       -r

               Display a certificate's binary DER encoding when listing
               information about that certificate with the -L option.

       -s subject

               Identify a particular certificate owner for new certificates or
               certificate requests. Bracket this string with quotation marks if
               it contains spaces. The subject identification format follows RFC
               #1485.

       -t trustargs

               Specify the trust attributes to modify in an existing certificate
               or to apply to a certificate when creating it or adding it to a
               database. There are three available trust categories for each
               certificate, expressed in the order SSL, email, object signing for
               each trust setting. In each category position, use none, any, or
               all of the attribute codes:

                  o p - Valid peer

                  o P - Trusted peer (implies p)

                  o c - Valid CA

                  o T - Trusted CA to issue client certificates (implies c)

                  o C - Trusted CA to issue server certificates (SSL only)
                    (implies c)

                  o u - Certificate can be used for authentication or signing

                  o w - Send warning (use with other attributes to include a
                    warning when the certificate is used in that context)

               The attribute codes for the categories are separated by commas,
               and the entire set of attributes enclosed by quotation marks. For
               example:

               -t "TCu,Cu,Tuw"

               Use the -L option to see a list of the current certificates and
               trust attributes in a certificate database.

       -u certusage

               Specify a usage context to apply when validating a certificate
               with the -V option.

               The contexts are the following:

                  o C (as an SSL client)

                  o V (as an SSL server)

                  o S (as an email signer)

                  o R (as an email recipient)

                  o O (as an OCSP status responder)

                  o J (as an object signer)

       -v valid-months

               Set the number of months a new certificate will be valid. The
               validity period begins at the current system time unless an offset
               is added or subtracted with the -w option. If this argument is not
               used, the default validity period is three months. When this
               argument is used, the default three-month period is automatically
               added to any value given in the valid-month argument. For example,
               using this option to set a value of 3 would cause 3 to be added to
               the three-month default, creating a validity period of six months.
               You can use negative values to reduce the default period. For
               example, setting a value of -2 would subtract 2 from the default
               and create a validity period of one month.

       -w offset-months

               Set an offset from the current system time, in months, for the
               beginning of a certificate's validity period. Use when creating
               the certificate or adding it to a database. Express the offset in
               integers, using a minus sign (-) to indicate a negative offset. If
               this argument is not used, the validity period begins at the
               current system time. The length of the validity period is set with
               the -v argument.

       -X

               Force the key and certificate database to open in read-write mode.
               This is used with the -U and -L command options.

       -x

               Use certutil to generate the signature for a certificate being
               created or added to a database, rather than obtaining a signature
               from a separate CA.

       -y exp

               Set an alternate exponent value to use in generating a new RSA
               public key for the database, instead of the default value of
               65537. The available alternate values are 3 and 17.

       -z noise-file

               Read a seed value from the specified file to generate a new
               private and public key pair. This argument makes it possible to
               use hardware-generated seed values or manually create a value from
               the keyboard. The minimum file size is 20 bytes.

       -0 SSO_password

               Set a site security officer password on a token.

       -1 | --keyUsage keyword,keyword

               Set a Netscape Certificate Type Extension in the certificate.
               There are several available keywords:

                  o digital signature

                  o nonRepudiation

                  o keyEncipherment

                  o dataEncipherment

                  o keyAgreement

                  o certSigning

                  o crlSigning

                  o critical

       -2

               Add a basic constraint extension to a certificate that is being
               created or added to a database. This extension supports the
               certificate chain verification process. certutil prompts for the
               certificate constraint extension to select.

               X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       -3

               Add an authority key ID extension to a certificate that is being
               created or added to a database. This extension supports the
               identification of a particular certificate, from among multiple
               certificates associated with one subject name, as the correct
               issuer of a certificate. The Certificate Database Tool will prompt
               you to select the authority key ID extension.

               X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       -4

               Add a CRL distribution point extension to a certificate that is
               being created or added to a database. This extension identifies
               the URL of a certificate's associated certificate revocation list
               (CRL). certutil prompts for the URL.

               X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       -5 | --nsCertType keyword,keyword

               Add a Netscape certificate type extension to a certificate that is
               being created or added to the database. There are several
               available keywords:

                  o sslClient

                  o sslServer

                  o smime

                  o objectSigning

                  o sslCA

                  o smimeCA

                  o objectSigningCA

                  o critical

               X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       -6 | --extKeyUsage keyword,keyword

               Add an extended key usage extension to a certificate that is being
               created or added to the database. Several keywords are available:

                  o serverAuth

                  o clientAuth

                  o codeSigning

                  o emailProtection

                  o timeStamp

                  o ocspResponder

                  o stepUp

                  o critical

               X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       -7 emailAddrs

               Add a comma-separated list of email addresses to the subject
               alternative name extension of a certificate or certificate request
               that is being created or added to the database. Subject
               alternative name extensions are described in Section 4.2.1.7 of
               RFC 3280.

       -8 dns-names

               Add a comma-separated list of DNS names to the subject alternative
               name extension of a certificate or certificate request that is
               being created or added to the database. Subject alternative name
               extensions are described in Section 4.2.1.7 of RFC 3280.

       --extAIA

               Add the Authority Information Access extension to the certificate.
               X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       --extSIA

               Add the Subject Information Access extension to the certificate.
               X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       --extCP

               Add the Certificate Policies extension to the certificate. X.509
               certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       --extPM

               Add the Policy Mappings extension to the certificate. X.509
               certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       --extPC

               Add the Policy Constraints extension to the certificate. X.509
               certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       --extIA

               Add the Inhibit Any Policy Access extension to the certificate.
               X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       --extSKID

               Add the Subject Key ID extension to the certificate. X.509
               certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.

       --source-dir certdir

               Identify the certificate database directory to upgrade.

       --source-prefix certdir

               Give the prefix of the certificate and key databases to upgrade.

       --upgrade-id uniqueID

               Give the unique ID of the database to upgrade.

       --upgrade-token-name name

               Set the name of the token to use while it is being upgraded.

       -@ pwfile

               Give the name of a password file to use for the database being
               upgraded.

    Usage and Examples

       Most of the command options in the examples listed here have more
       arguments available. The arguments included in these examples are the most
       common ones or are used to illustrate a specific scenario. Use the -H
       option to show the complete list of arguments for each command option.

       Creating New Security Databases

       Certificates, keys, and security modules related to managing certificates
       are stored in three related databases:

         o cert8.db or cert9.db

         o key3.db or key4.db

         o secmod.db or pkcs11.txt

       These databases must be created before certificates or keys can be
       generated.

     certutil -N -d [sql:]directory

       Creating a Certificate Request

       A certificate request contains most or all of the information that is used
       to generate the final certificate. This request is submitted separately to
       a certificate authority and is then approved by some mechanism
       (automatically or by human review). Once the request is approved, then the
       certificate is generated.

     $ certutil -R -k key-type-or-id [-q pqgfile|curve-name] -g key-size -s subject [-h tokenname] -d [sql:]directory [-p phone] [-o output-file] [-a]

       The -R command options requires four arguments:

         o -k to specify either the key type to generate or, when renewing a
           certificate, the existing key pair to use

         o -g to set the keysize of the key to generate

         o -s to set the subject name of the certificate

         o -d to give the security database directory

       The new certificate request can be output in ASCII format (-a) or can be
       written to a specified file (-o).

       For example:

     $ certutil -R -k ec -q nistb409 -g 512 -s "CN=John Smith,O=Example Corp,L=Mountain View,ST=California,C=US" -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -p 650-555-0123 -a -o cert.cer

     Generating key.  This may take a few moments...


     Certificate request generated by Netscape
     Phone: 650-555-0123
     Common Name: John Smith
     Email: (not ed)
     Organization: Example Corp
     State: California
     Country: US

     -----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
     MIIBIDCBywIBADBmMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTEW
     MBQGA1UEBxMNTW91bnRhaW4gVmlldzEVMBMGA1UEChMMRXhhbXBsZSBDb3JwMRMw
     EQYDVQQDEwpKb2huIFNtaXRoMFwwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADSwAwSAJBAMVUpDOZ
     KmHnOx7reP8Cc0Lk+fFWEuYIDX9W5K/BioQOKvEjXyQZhit9aThzBVMoSf1Y1S8J
     CzdUbCg1+IbnXaECAwEAAaAAMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA0EAryqZvpYrUtQ486Ny
     qmtyQNjIi1F8c1Z+TL4uFYlMg8z6LG/J/u1E5t1QqB5e9Q4+BhRbrQjRR1JZx3tB
     1hP9Gg==
     -----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

       Creating a Certificate

       A valid certificate must be issued by a trusted CA. This can be done by
       specifying a CA certificate (-c) that is stored in the certificate
       database. If a CA key pair is not available, you can create a self-signed
       certificate using the -x argument with the -S command option.

     $ certutil -S -k rsa|dsa|ec -n certname -s subject [-c issuer |-x] -t trustargs -d [sql:]directory [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] [-p phone] [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names] [--extAIA] [--extSIA] [--extCP] [--extPM] [--extPC] [--extIA] [--extSKID]

       The series of numbers and --ext* options set certificate extensions that
       can be added to the certificate when it is generated by the CA.

       For example, this creates a self-signed certificate:

     $ certutil -S -s "CN=Example CA" -n my-ca-cert -x -t "C,C,C" -1 -2 -5 -m 3650

       From there, new certificates can reference the self-signed certificate:

     $ certutil -S -s "CN=My Server Cert" -n my-server-cert -c "my-ca-cert" -t "u,u,u" -1 -5 -6 -8 -m 730

       Generating a Certificate from a Certificate Request

       When a certificate request is created, a certificate can be generated by
       using the request and then referencing a certificate authority signing
       certificate (the issuer specified in the -c argument). The issuing
       certificate must be in the certificate database in the specified
       directory.

     certutil -C -c issuer -i cert-request-file -o output-file [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] -d [sql:]directory [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names]

       For example:

     $ certutil -C -c "my-ca-cert" -i /home/certs/cert.req -o cert.cer -m 010 -v 12 -w 1 -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -1 nonRepudiation,dataEncipherment -5 sslClient -6 clientAuth -7 [email protected]

       Generating Key Pairs

       Key pairs are generated automatically with a certificate request or
       certificate, but they can also be generated independently using the -G
       command option.

     certutil -G -d [sql:]directory | -h tokenname -k key-type -g key-size [-y exponent-value] -q pqgfile|curve-name

       For example:

     $ certutil -G -h lunasa -k ec -g 256 -q sect193r2

       Listing Certificates

       The -L command option lists all of the certificates listed in the
       certificate database. The path to the directory (-d) is required.

     $ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

     Certificate Nickname                                         Trust Attributes
                                                                  SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI

     CA Administrator of Instance pki-ca1's Example Domain ID     u,u,u
     TPS Administrator's Example Domain ID                        u,u,u
     Google Internet Authority                                    ,,
     Certificate Authority - Example Domain                       CT,C,C

       Using additional arguments with -L can return and print the information
       for a single, specific certificate. For example, the -n argument passes
       the certificate name, while the -a argument prints the certificate in
       ASCII format:

     $ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -a -n "Certificate Authority - Example Domain"

     -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
     MIIDmTCCAoGgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA5MRcwFQYDVQQKEw5FeGFt
     cGxlIERvbWFpbjEeMBwGA1UEAxMVQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUgQXV0aG9yaXR5MB4XDTEw
     MDQyOTIxNTY1OFoXDTEyMDQxODIxNTY1OFowOTEXMBUGA1UEChMORXhhbXBsZSBE
     b21haW4xHjAcBgNVBAMTFUNlcnRpZmljYXRlIEF1dGhvcml0eTCCASIwDQYJKoZI
     hvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAO/bqUli2KwqXFKmMMG93KN1SANzNTXA/Vlf
     Tmrih3hQgjvR1ktIY9aG6cB7DSKWmtHp/+p4PUCMqL4ZrSGt901qxkePyZ2dYmM2
     RnelK+SEUIPiUtoZaDhNdiYsE/yuDE8vQWj0vHCVL0w72qFUcSQ/WZT7FCrnUIUI
     udeWnoPSUn70gLhcj/lvxl7K9BHyD4Sq5CzktwYtFWLiiwV+ZY/Fl6JgbGaQyQB2
     bP4iRMfloGqsxGuB1evWVDF1haGpFDSPgMnEPSLg3/3dXn+HDJbZ29EU8/xKzQEb
     3V0AHKbu80zGllLEt2Zx/WDIrgJEN9yMfgKFpcmL+BvIRsmh0VsCAwEAAaOBqzCB
     qDAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBQATgxHQyRUfKIZtdp55bZlFr+tFzAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTAD
     AQH/MA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBxjAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUAE4MR0MkVHyiGbXaeeW2ZRa/
     rRcwRQYIKwYBBQUHAQEEOTA3MDUGCCsGAQUFBzABhilodHRwOi8vbG9jYWxob3N0
     LmxvY2FsZG9tYWluOjkxODAvY2Evb2NzcDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAi8Gk
     L3XO43u7/TDOeEsWPmq+jZsDZ3GZ85Ajt3KROLWeKVZZZa2E2Hnsvf2uXbk5amKe
     lRxdSeRH9g85pv4KY7Z8xZ71NrI3+K3uwmnqkc6t0hhYb1mw/gx8OAAoluQx3biX
     JBDxjI73Cf7XUopplHBjjiwyGIJUO8BEZJ5L+TF4P38MJz1snLtzZpEAX5bl0U76
     bfu/tZFWBbE8YAWYtkCtMcalBPj6jn2WD3M01kGozW4mmbvsj1cRB9HnsGsqyHCu
     U0ujlL1H/RWcjn607+CTeKH9jLMUqCIqPJNOa+kq/6F7NhNRRiuzASIbZc30BZ5a
     nI7q5n1USM3eWQlVXw==
     -----END CERTIFICATE-----

       Listing Keys

       Keys are the original material used to encrypt certificate data. The keys
       generated for certificates are stored separately, in the key database.

       To list all keys in the database, use the -K command option and the
       (required) -d argument to give the path to the directory.

     $ certutil -K -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
     certutil: Checking token "NSS Certificate DB" in slot "NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services                  "
     < 0> rsa      455a6673bde9375c2887ec8bf8016b3f9f35861d   Thawte Freemail Member's Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID
     < 1> rsa      40defeeb522ade11090eacebaaf1196a172127df   Example Domain Administrator Cert
     < 2> rsa      1d0b06f44f6c03842f7d4f4a1dc78b3bcd1b85a5   John Smith user cert

       There are ways to narrow the keys listed in the search results:

         o To return a specific key, use the -n name argument with the name of
           the key.

         o If there are multiple security devices loaded, then the -h tokenname
           argument can search a specific token or all tokens.

         o If there are multiple key types available, then the -k key-type
           argument can search a specific type of key, like RSA, DSA, or ECC.

       Listing Security Modules

       The devices that can be used to store certificates -- both internal
       databases and external devices like smart cards -- are recognized and used
       by loading security modules. The -U command option lists all of the
       security modules listed in the secmod.db database. The path to the
       directory (-d) is required.

     $ certutil -U -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

         slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services
        token: NSS Certificate DB

         slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services
        token: NSS Generic Crypto Services

       Adding Certificates to the Database

       Existing certificates or certificate requests can be added manually to the
       certificate database, even if they were generated elsewhere. This uses the
       -A command option.

     certutil -A -n certname -t trustargs -d [sql:]directory [-a] [-i input-file]

       For example:

     $ certutil -A -n "CN=My SSL Certificate" -t "u,u,u" -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/cert.cer

       A related command option, -E, is used specifically to add email
       certificates to the certificate database. The -E command has the same
       arguments as the -A command. The trust arguments for certificates have the
       format SSL,S/MIME,Code-signing, so the middle trust settings relate most
       to email certificates (though the others can be set). For example:

     $ certutil -E -n "CN=John Smith Email Cert" -t ",Pu," -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/email.cer

       Deleting Certificates to the Database

       Certificates can be deleted from a database using the -D option. The only
       required options are to give the security database directory and to
       identify the certificate nickname.

     certutil -D -d [sql:]directory -n "nickname"

       For example:

     $ certutil -D -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -n "my-ssl-cert"

       Validating Certificates

       A certificate contains an expiration date in itself, and expired
       certificates are easily rejected. However, certificates can also be
       revoked before they hit their expiration date. Checking whether a
       certificate has been revoked requires validating the certificate.
       Validation can also be used to ensure that the certificate is only used
       for the purposes it was initially issued for. Validation is carried out by
       the -V command option.

     certutil -V -n certificate-name [-b time] [-e] [-u cert-usage] -d [sql:]directory

       For example, to validate an email certificate:

     $ certutil -V -n "John Smith's Email Cert" -e -u S,R -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

       Modifying Certificate Trust Settings

       The trust settings (which relate to the operations that a certificate is
       allowed to be used for) can be changed after a certificate is created or
       added to the database. This is especially useful for CA certificates, but
       it can be performed for any type of certificate.

     certutil -M -n certificate-name -t trust-args -d [sql:]directory

       For example:

     $ certutil -M -n "My CA Certificate" -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -t "CTu,CTu,CTu"

       Printing the Certificate Chain

       Certificates can be issued in chains because every certificate authority
       itself has a certificate; when a CA issues a certificate, it essentially
       stamps that certificate with its own fingerprint. The -O prints the full
       chain of a certificate, going from the initial CA (the root CA) through
       ever intermediary CA to the actual certificate. For example, for an email
       certificate with two CAs in the chain:

     $ certutil -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -O -n "[email protected]"
     "Builtin Object Token:Thawte Personal Freemail CA" [[email protected],CN=Thawte Personal Freemail CA,OU=Certification Services Division,O=Thawte Consulting,L=Cape Town,ST=Western Cape,C=ZA]

       "Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA - Thawte Consulting" [CN=Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA,O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd.,C=ZA]

         "(null)" [[email protected],CN=Thawte Freemail Member]

       Resetting a Token

       The device which stores certificates -- both external hardware devices and
       internal software databases -- can be blanked and reused. This operation
       is performed on the device which stores the data, not directly on the
       security databases, so the location must be referenced through the token
       name (-h) as well as any directory path. If there is no external token
       used, the default value is internal.

     certutil -T -d [sql:]directory -h token-name -0 security-officer-password

       Many networks have dedicated personnel who handle changes to security
       tokens (the security officer). This person must supply the password to
       access the specified token. For example:

     $ certutil -T -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -h nethsm -0 secret

       Upgrading or Merging the Security Databases

       Many networks or applications may be using older BerkeleyDB versions of
       the certificate database (cert8.db). Databases can be upgraded to the new
       SQLite version of the database (cert9.db) using the --upgrade-merge
       command option or existing databases can be merged with the new cert9.db
       databases using the ---merge command.

       The --upgrade-merge command must give information about the original
       database and then use the standard arguments (like -d) to give the
       information about the new databases. The command also requires information
       that the tool uses for the process to upgrade and write over the original
       database.

     certutil --upgrade-merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory --source-prefix dbprefix --upgrade-id id --upgrade-token-name name [-@ password-file]

       For example:

     $ certutil --upgrade-merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ --source-prefix serverapp- --upgrade-id 1 --upgrade-token-name internal

       The --merge command only requires information about the location of the
       original database; since it doesn't change the format of the database, it
       can write over information without performing interim step.

     certutil --merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory --source-prefix dbprefix [-@ password-file]

       For example:

     $ certutil --merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ --source-prefix serverapp-

       Running certutil Commands from a Batch File

       A series of commands can be run sequentially from a text file with the -B
       command option. The only argument for this specifies the input file.

     $ certutil -B -i /path/to/batch-file

    NSS Database Types

       NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information.
       The last versions of these legacy databases are:

         o cert8.db for certificates

         o key3.db for keys

         o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information

       BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from
       being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some
       flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent
       database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the
       access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly
       shared security database.

       In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases
       rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and
       performance:

         o cert9.db for certificates

         o key4.db for keys

         o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained
           in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory

       Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the
       shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy
       format is included for backward compatibility.

       By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given
       security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite
       databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the
       given security directory. For example:

     $ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb

       To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the
       NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql:

     export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE="sql"

       This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change
       permanent.

       Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can
       be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to
       configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases:

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto

       For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see
       the NSS project wiki:

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB

    See Also

       pk12util (1)

       modutil (1)

       certutil has arguments or operations that use features defined in several
       IETF RFCs.

         o https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280

         o https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1113

         o https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1485

       The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to
       configure applications to use it.

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto

         o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB

    Additional Resources

       For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check
       out the NSS project wiki at
       [1]https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/. The NSS site relates
       directly to NSS code changes and releases.

       Mailing lists: https://lists.mozilla.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto

       IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki

    Authors

       The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red
       Hat, and Sun.

       Authors: Elio Maldonado <[email protected]>, Deon Lackey
       <[email protected]>.

    Copyright

       (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.

    References

       Visible links
       1. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
    138 NSS Tools sslstrength
    2) sslstrength hostname[:port] [ciphers=xyz] [debug] [verbose] [policy=export|domestic]
    139 NSS reference NSS
    No summary!
    140 Building and installing NSS NSS
    This chapter describes how to build and install NSS.
    141 Build instructions NSS

    Numerous optional features of NSS builds are controlled through make variables. Make variables may be set on the gmake command line, e.g.,
    142 Installation guide NSS
    No summary!
    143 Migration to HG
    The NSPR, NSS and related projects have stopped using Mozilla'a CVS server, but have migrated to
    Mozilla's HG (Mercurial) server.

    Each project now lives in its own separate space, they can be found at:
      https://hg.mozilla.org/projects/nspr/
      https://hg.mozilla.org/projects/nss/
      https://hg.mozilla.org/projects/jss/
      https://hg.mozilla.org/projects/python-nss/
    144 Sample manual installation NSS
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    145 FC_CancelFunction NSS
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    146 FC_CloseAllSessions NSS
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    147 FC_CloseSession NSS
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    148 FC_CopyObject NSS
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    149 FC_CreateObject NSS
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    150 FC_Decrypt NSS
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    151 FC_DecryptDigestUpdate NSS
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    152 FC_DecryptFinal NSS
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    153 FC_DecryptInit NSS
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    154 FC_DecryptUpdate NSS
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    155 FC_DecryptVerifyUpdate NSS
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    156 FC_DeriveKey NSS
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    157 FC_DestroyObject NSS
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    158 FC_Digest NSS
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    159 FC_DigestEncryptUpdate NSS
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    160 FC_DigestFinal NSS
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    161 FC_DigestInit NSS
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    162 FC_DigestKey NSS
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    163 FC_DigestUpdate NSS
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    164 FC_Encrypt NSS
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    165 FC_EncryptFinal NSS
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    166 FC_EncryptInit NSS
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    167 FC_EncryptUpdate NSS
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    168 FC_Finalize NSS
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    169 FC_FindObjects NSS
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    170 FC_FindObjectsFinal NSS
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    171 FC_FindObjectsInit NSS
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    172 FC_GenerateKey NSS
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    173 FC_GenerateKeyPair NSS
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    174 FC_GenerateRandom NSS
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    175 FC_GetAttributeValue NSS
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    176 FC_GetFunctionList NSS
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    177 FC_GetFunctionStatus NSS
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    178 FC_GetInfo NSS
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    179 FC_GetMechanismInfo NSS
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    180 FC_GetMechanismList NSS
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    181 FC_GetObjectSize NSS
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    182 FC_GetOperationState NSS
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    183 FC_GetSessionInfo NSS
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    184 FC_GetSlotInfo NSS
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    185 FC_GetSlotList NSS
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    186 FC_GetTokenInfo NSS
    No summary!
    187 FC_InitPIN NSS
    No summary!
    188 FC_InitToken NSS
    No summary!
    189 FC_Initialize NSS
    FC_Initialize - initialize the PKCS #11 library.
    190 FC_Login NSS
    No summary!
    191 FC_Logout NSS
    No summary!
    192 FC_OpenSession NSS
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    193 FC_SeedRandom NSS
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    194 FC_SetAttributeValue NSS
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    195 FC_SetOperationState NSS
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    196 FC_SetPIN NSS
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    197 FC_Sign NSS
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    198 FC_SignEncryptUpdate NSS
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    199 FC_SignFinal NSS
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    200 FC_SignInit NSS
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    201 FC_SignRecover NSS
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    202 FC_SignRecoverInit NSS
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    203 FC_SignUpdate NSS
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    204 FC_UnwrapKey NSS
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    205 FC_Verify NSS
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    206 FC_VerifyFinal NSS
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    207 FC_VerifyInit NSS
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    208 FC_VerifyRecover NSS
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    209 FC_VerifyRecoverInit NSS
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    210 FC_VerifyUpdate NSS
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    211 FC_WaitForSlotEvent NSS
    No summary!
    212 FC_WrapKey NSS
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    213 NSC_InitToken NSS
    No summary!
    214 NSC_Login NSS
    No summary!
    215 NSPR functions
    NSPR is a platform abstraction library that provides a cross-platform API to common OS services.  NSS uses NSPR internally as the porting layer.  However, a small number of NSPR functions are required for using the certificate verification and SSL functions in NSS.  These NSPR functions are listed in this section.
    216 NSS Certificate Functions NSS
    This chapter describes the functions and related types used to work with a certificate database such as the cert8.db database provided with NSS. This was converted from "Chapter 5: Certificate Functions".
    217 NSS Key Functions NSS
    This chapter describes two functions used to manipulate private keys and key databases such as the key3.db database provided with NSS. This was converted from "Chapter 6: Key Functions".
    218 NSS Tools Man Pages - work in progress
    certutil certutil
    219 NSS cryptographic module NSS
    No summary!
    220 FIPS mode of operation NSS
    No summary!
    221 NSS environment variables NSS
    These environment variables affect the RUN TIME behavior of NSS shared libraries. There is a separate set of environment variables that affect how NSS is built, documented below.
    222 NSS functions NSS
    This page lists all exported functions in NSS 3.11.7 It was ported from here.
    223 NSS tools : certutil
    Name

       certutil — Manage keys and certificate in both NSS databases and other NSS tokens

    Synopsis

       certutil [options] [[arguments]]

    Description

       The Certificate Database Tool, certutil, is a command-line utility
       that can create and modify certificate and key databases.
       It can specifically list, generate, modify, or delete certificates, create or
       change the password, generate new public and private key pairs,
       display the contents of the key database, or delete key pairs within  the key database.

       Certificate issuance, part of the key and certificate management process, requires that
       keys and certificates be created in the key database. This document discusses certificate
       and key database management. For information on the  security module database management,
       see the modutil manpage.

    Options and Arguments

       Running certutil always requires one and only one command option to
       specify the type of certificate operation. Each option may take arguments,
       anywhere from none to multiple arguments. The command option -H will list
       all the command options available and their relevant arguments.

       Command Options

       -A
              Add an existing certificate to a certificate database.
              The certificate database should already exist; if one is
              not present, this command option will initialize one by default.

       -B
              Run a series of commands from the specified batch file.
              This requires the -i argument.

       -C
              Create a new binary certificate file from a binary
              certificate request file. Use the -i argument to specify
              the certificate request file. If this argument is not
              used, certutil prompts for a filename.

       -D
              Delete a certificate from the certificate database.
    224 NSS tools : cmsutil
    Name
    225 NSS tools : crlutil Reference
    Name
    226 NSS tools : modutil N, Reference
    Name
    227 NSS tools : pk12util
    NSS tools : pk12util
    228 NSS tools : ssltab
    Name
    229 NSS tools : ssltap
    Name
    230 NSS tools : vfychain
    Name
    231 NSS tools : vfyserv
    Name
    232 NSS_Initialize
    NSS_Initialize - initialize NSS.
    233 troubleshoot.html
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    234 NSS release notes template
    The NSS team has released Network Security Services (NSS) 3.XX, which is a minor release.
    or
    Network Security Services (NSS) 3.XX.y is a patch release for NSS 3.XX. The bug fixes in NSS 3.XX.y are described in the "Bugs Fixed" section below.
    235 NSS sources building testing Build Documentation, Build documentation, Guide, NSS, Security
    Getting the source code of Network Security Services (NSS), how to build it, and how to run its test suite.
    236 NSS troubleshooting NSS
    On this page, let's collect information on how to troubleshoot NSS at runtime. Debugging tips, how to enable tracing of the various modules, etc.
    237 NSS_3.11.10_release_notes.html
    Newsgroup: <ahref="news: news.mozilla.org="" mozilla.dev.tech.crypto"="">mozilla.dev.tech.crypto</ahref="news:>
    238 NSS_3.12.1_release_notes.html
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    239 NSS_3.12.2_release_notes.html
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    240 NSS_3.12.5_release_notes
    This document was generated by genma teruaki on November 28, 2010 using texi2html 1.82.
    241 NSS_3.12_release_notes.html
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    242 Notes on TLS - SSL 3.0 Intolerant Servers Gecko, NSS, Security
    No summary!
    243 Overview of NSS NSS
    If you want add support for SSL, S/MIME, or other Internet security standards to your application, you can use Network Security Services (NSS) to implement all your security features. NSS provides a complete open-source implementation of the crypto libraries used by AOL, Red Hat, Google, and other companies in a variety of products, including the following:
    244 PKCS #11 Netscape Trust Objects
    PKCS #11 is a standard that defines ways to store certificates, keys and perform crypto operations. It does not specify a way to store trust objects.
    245 PKCS 12 functions NSS
    The public functions listed here perform PKCS #12 operations required by some of the NSS tools and other applications.
    246 PKCS 7 functions NSS
    The public functions listed here perform PKCS #7 operations required by mail and news applications and by some of the NSS tools.
    247 PKCS11 NSS, Security
    No summary!
    248 PKCS #11 Module Specs NSS
    No summary!
    249 PKCS11 FAQ NSS, Security
    No summary!
    250 PKCS11 Module Installation NSS
    PKCS11 modules are external modules which provide access to smart-card readers, biometric security devices, or external certificate stores. There are two methods for installing PKCS11 modules into Firefox. Users can use the preferences dialog to install or remove PKCS11 module. Extensions can programmatically manage PKCS11 modules using the nsIPKCS11 programming interface.
    251 PKCS11 Implement
    NOTE: This document was originally for the Netscape Security Library that came with Netscape Communicator 4.0. This note will be removed once the document is updated for the current version of NSS.
    252 Python binding for NSS
    python-nss is a Python binding for NSS (Network Security Services) and NSPR (Netscape Portable Runtime). NSS provides cryptography services supporting SSL, TLS, PKI, PKIX, X509, PKCS*, etc. NSS is an alternative to OpenSSL and used extensively by major software projects. NSS is FIPS-140 certified.
    253 S/MIME functions NSS
    The public functions listed here perform S/MIME operations using the S/MIME Toolkit.
    254 SSL functions NSS
    The public functions listed here are used to configure sockets for communication via the SSL and TLS protocols. In addition to the functions listed here, applications that support SSL use some of the Certificate functions, Crypto functions, and Utility functions described below on this page.
    255 OLD SSL Reference NSS
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto
    Writer: Sean Cotter
    Manager: Wan-Teh Chang
    256 gtstd.html
    No summary!
    257 pkfnc.html
    No summary!
    258 sslcrt.html
    No summary!
    259 sslerr.html
    260 sslfnc.html
    No summary!
    261 sslintro.html
    No summary!
    262 sslkey.html
    No summary!
    263 ssltyp.html
    No summary!
    264 TLS Cipher Suite Discovery NSS
    No summary!
    265 Utility functions NSS
    The public functions listed here perform initialization tasks and other services.
    266 modutil-tasks.html
    No summary!
    267 release notes.html
    See https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/NSS/NSS_Releases for recent release notes. The links below are provided for historical information.
    268 NSS_3.12.3_release_notes.html
    Newsgroup: mozilla.dev.tech.crypto

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     Last updated by: fscholz,