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const

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This is a new technology, part of the ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) standard.
This technology's specification has been finalized, but check the compatibility table for usage and implementation status in various browsers.

The const declaration creates a read-only named constant.

Syntax

const name1 = value1 [, name2 = value2 [, ... [, nameN = valueN]]];
nameN
Constant name. It can be any legal identifier.
valueN
Value of the constant. It can be any legal expression.

Description

This declaration creates a constant that can be global or local to the function in which it is declared. Constants are block-scoped. The value of a constant cannot change through re-assignment, and a constant cannot be re-declared. An initializer for a constant is required. A constant cannot share its name with a function or a variable in the same scope.

Examples

The following example demonstrates how constants behave. Try this in your browser console.

// NOTE: Constants can be declared with uppercase or lowercase, but just by convention, we are using uppercase
// define my_fav as a constant and give it the value 7
const MY_FAV = 7;

// this will fail silently in Firefox and Chrome (but does not fail in Safari)
MY_FAV = 20;

// will print 7
console.log("my favorite number is: " + MY_FAV);

// trying to redeclare a constant throws an error 
const MY_FAV = 20;

// the name MY_FAV is reserved for constant above, so this will also fail
var MY_FAV = 20; 

// MY_FAV is still 7
console.log("my favorite number is " + MY_FAV);

// Assigning to A const variable is a syntax error
const A = 1; A = 2;

// const requires an initializer
const FOO; // SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration

// const also works on objects
const MY_OBJECT = {"key": "value"};

// Overwriting the object fails as above (in Firefox and Chrome but not in Safari)
MY_OBJECT = {"OTHER_KEY": "value"};

// However, object attributes are not protected,
// so the following statement is executed without problems
MY_OBJECT.key = "otherValue";

Specifications

Specification Status Comment
ECMAScript 2015 (6th Edition, ECMA-262)
The definition of 'Let and Const Declarations' in that specification.
Standard Initial definition.

Browser compatibility

Feature Chrome Firefox (Gecko) Internet Explorer Opera Safari
Basic support ? 36 (36) 11 12 5.1
Reassignment fails 20 13 (13) 11 ? ?
Feature Android Chrome for Android Firefox Mobile (Gecko) IE Mobile Opera Mobile Safari Mobile
Basic support (Yes) ? (Yes) ? ? Not supported
Reassignment fails ? ? ? ? ? Not supported

Compatibility notes

In earlier versions of Firefox & Chrome and as of Safari 5.1.7 and Opera 12.00, if you define a variable with const, you can still change its value later. It is not supported in Internet Explorer 6-10, but is included in Internet Explorer 11.

Firefox-specific notes

The const declaration has been implemented in Firefox long before const appeared in the ECMAScript 6 specification. For const ES6 compliance see chyba 950547 and chyba 611388.

  • Starting with Gecko 36 (Firefox 36 / Thunderbird 36 / SeaMonkey 2.33):
    • {const a=1};a now throws a ReferenceError and does not return 1 anymore due to block-scoping.
    • const a; now throws a SyntaxError ("missing = in const declaration"): An initializer is required.
    • const a = 1; a = 2; now also throws a SyntaxError ("invalid assignment to const a").

See also

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