Index

Found 184 pages:

#	Page	Tags and summary
1	Learning web development	Beginner, Index, Landing, Learn, Web, index
		The aim of this area of MDN is not to take you from "beginner" to "expert" but to take you from "beginner" to "comfortable". From there you should be able to start making your way, learning from the rest of MDN, and other intermediate to advanced resources that assume a lot of previous knowledge.
2	CSS	Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Debugging, Landing, NeedsContent, Topic, debugging, length, specificity
		Cascading Stylesheets — or CSS — is the second technology you should start learning after HTML. Whereas HTML is used to define the structure and semantics of your content, CSS is used to style it and lay it out. So for example, you can use CSS to alter the font, color, size and spacing of your content, split it into multiple columns, or add animations and other decorative features.
3	CSS layout	Beginner, CSS, Flexbox, Floating, Grids, Guide, Landing, Layout, Learn, Module, Multiple column, Positioning, flexbox, float
		At this point we've already looked at CSS fundamentals, how to style text, and how to style and manipulate the boxes that your content sits inside. Now it's time to look at how to place your boxes in the right place in relation to the viewport, and one another. We have covered the necessary prerequisites so we can now dive deep into CSS layout, looking at different display settings, traditional layout methods involving float and positioning, and new fangled layout tools like flexbox.
4	Flexbox	Article, Beginner, CSS, CSS layouts, CodingScripting, Flexbox, Flexible Boxes, Guide, Layout, Layouts, Learn, flexbox
		That concludes our tour of the basics of flexbox. We hope you had fun, and will have a good play around with it as you travel forward with your learning. Next we'll have a look at another important aspect of CSS layouts — grid systems.
5	Floats	Article, Beginner, CSS, Clearing, CodingScripting, Floats, Guide, Layout, beginner, columns, multi-column
		At this point, you should already have some powerful tools at your disposal for creating fairly complex web layouts. Excellent! In the next article we'll take it even further by looking at positioning.
6	Grids	Article, Beginner, CSS, CSS Grids, CodingScripting, Grids, Guide, Layout, Learn, Tutorial, grid design, grid framework, grid system
		Having read this article you should now have an understanding of how grid layouts and grid frameworks work in CSS. You have also had a peek into the future off CSS grids and should now understand that the grid frameworks we use today are essentially a stopgap solution until we have a widely supported native way of achieving this in CSS.
7	Introduction to CSS layout	Article, Beginner, CSS, Flexbox, Floats, Grids, Introduction, Layout, Learn, Positioning, Tables, flexbox, flow
		This article has provided a brief summary of all the layout technologies you should know about. Read on for more information on each individual technology!
8	Positioning	Article, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Guide, Layout, Positioning, absolute, fixed, relative
		I'm sure you had fun playing with basic positioning — it is one of the essential tools behind creating complex CSS layouts and UI features. With that in mind, in the next article we'll have even more fun with positioning — there we'll go a step further and start to build up some real world useful things with it..
9	Practical positioning examples	Article, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Guide, Layout, Learn, absolute, beginner, fixed, relative
		So that rounds off our look at positioning — by now, you should have an idea of how the basic mechanics work, as well as understanding how to start applying these to building some interesting UI features. Don't worry if you didn't get this all immediately — positioning is a fairly advanced topic, and you can always work through the articles again to aid your understanding. The next subject we'll turn to is Flexbox.
10	Introduction to CSS	Beginner, CSS, Cascade, CodingScripting, Inheritance, Introduction to CSS, Landing, Module, Selectors, beginner, color, properties, rules, units
		CSS is used to style and lay out webpages — for example to alter the font, color, size and spacing of your content, split it into multiple columns, or add animations and other decorative features. This module gets you started on the path to CSS mastery with the basics of how it works, including selectors and properties, writing CSS rules, applying CSS to HTML, how to specify length, color, and other units in CSS, cascade and inheritance, and debugging CSS.
11	Attribute selectors	Article, Attribute, Beginner, CSS, Guide, Learn, Selectors, beginner, presence, substring, value
		Attribute selectors are a special kind of selector that will match elements based on their attributes and attribute values. Their generic syntax consists of square brackets ([]) containing an attribute name followed by an optional condition to match against the value of the attribute. Attribute selectors can be divided into two categories depending on the way they match attribute values: Presence and value attribute selectors and Substring value attribute selectors.
12	CSS syntax	Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Selectors, Syntax, beginner, blocks, comments, declarations, rules, shorthand, whitespace
		Next up, we dive into CSS syntax in a lot more detail, looking at how properties and their values form into declarations, multiple declarations form into declaration blocks, and declaration blocks and selectors form into complete CSS rules. We round off the article by looking at other CSS syntax features such as comments and whitespace.
13	CSS values and units	Article, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Functions, Guide, beginner, color, length, units
		I hope you enjoyed learning about CSS values and units — don't worry if this doesn't all make complete sense right now; you'll get more and more practice with this fundamental part of CSS syntax as you move forward!
14	Cascade and inheritance	Article, Beginner, CSS, Cascade, CodingScripting, Guide, Learn, importance, source order, specificity
		In a previous article, we got into the various CSS selectors. At some point in your work, you'll find yourself in the situation where multiple CSS rules will have selectors matching the same element. In such cases, which CSS rule "wins", and ends up being the one that is finally applied to the element? This is controlled by a mechanism called the Cascade; this is also related to inheritance (elements will take some property values from their parents, but not others.) In this article we will define what the cascade is, what selector weight is, and how properties inherit from different rules.
15	Combinators and multiple selectors	Article, Beginner, CSS, Guide, Learn, Selectors, beginner
		In our final article on selectors we'll explore combinators and multiple selectors — two ways of combining multiple selectors together for further useful selection capabilities.
16	Debugging CSS	Article, CSS, CSS editor, CodingScripting, DOM inspector, Debugging, Guide, Page Inspector, debugging, linting, validator
		Well done for completing the last article of the first CSS module! Now that you've come this far, you can have a go at completing our CSS assessment, and then start exploring some other CSS and HTML modules.
17	Fundamental CSS comprehension	Assessment, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Selectors, Style, Syntax, beginner, box model, comments, rules
		You've covered a lot in this module, so it must feel good to have reached the end! The final step before you move on is to attempt the assessment for the module — this involves a number of related exercises that must be completed in order to create the final design — a business card/gamer card/social media profile.
18	How CSS works	CSS, CodingScripting, DOM, Guide, Link, Syntax, external, internal, line
		CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows you to create great looking web pages, but how does it work under the hood? This article explains what CSS is, how the browser turns HTML into a Document Object Model (DOM), how CSS is applied to parts of the DOM, some very basic syntax examples, and what code is used to actually include our CSS in our web page.
19	Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements	Article, Beginner, CSS, Guide, Learn, Pseudo, Pseudo-class, Pseudo-element, Selectors, beginner
		In this, the third in our series of articles on selectors, we discuss pseudo-selectors — these don't select actual elements, but rather certain parts of elements, or elements only in certain contexts. They come in two main types — pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements.
20	Selectors	Article, Beginner, CSS, Class, Element, Guide, Learn, Pseudo-class, Pseudo-element, Selectors, combinator, id, universal
		In CSS, selectors are used to target the HTML elements on our web pages that we want to style. There are a wide variety of CSS selectors available, allowing for fine grained precision when selecting elements to style. In the next few articles we'll run through the different types in great detail, seeing how they work.
21	Simple selectors	Article, Beginner, CSS, Class, Element, Guide, Learn, Selectors, Type, beginner, id, universal
		In our first selectors article we'll learn about "simple" selectors, so-called because they directly match one or more elements of a document, based on the type of element (or its class or id.)
22	The box model	Article, Beginner, Block, Boxes, CSS, CodingScripting, Content, Guide, Learn, Learning, Model, background clip, border, box, height, inline, margin, overflow, padding, width
		The CSS box model is the foundation of layout on the Web — each element is represented as a rectangular box, with the box's content, padding, border, and margin built up around one another like the layers of an onion. As a browser renders a web page layout, it works out what styles are applied to the content of each box, how big the surrounding onion layers are, and where the boxes sit in relation to one another. Before understanding how to create CSS layouts, you need to understand the box model — this is what we'll look at in this article.
23	Styling boxes	Beginner, Boxes, CSS, CodingScripting, Landing, Module, Tables, backgrounds, beginner, borders, effects
		Hello and welcome to Styling CSS boxes — in the last module we looked at the content inside your boxes; in this module we'll look at styling the actual box itself, by manipulating background color and images, borders, and other parts of the box. We'll also look at other topics, from making HTML tables look good to applying advanced effects like filters and blend modes.
24	A cool looking box	Assessment, Beginner, CSS, Learn, backgrounds, borders, box, box model, effects
		In this assessment you'll get some more practice in creating cool-looking boxes, by trying to create an eyecatching box.
25	Advanced box effects	Article, Beginner, Blend modes, Boxes, CSS, CodingScripting, Filters, Styling, beginner, box shadows, effects
		We hope this article has proved to be fun — playing with shiny toys generally is, and it is always interesting to see what kinds of tools are just becoming available in cutting edge browsers. You've reached the end of the Styling boxes articles, so next up you'll test your box syling skills with our assessments.
26	Backgrounds	Article, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Gradients, Guide, Images, Position, attachment, backgrounds, beginner, colors
		This article should have taught you most of what you'll ever need to know about styling element backgrounds. Hopefully you'll have had some fun along the way too! In the next article we'll play with borders, and look at how to style those.
27	Borders	Article, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Guide, Images, Radius, border, borders, radii
		Now you understand borders, right? Not the ones at the edges of your country, but the ones at the edges of your elements. Borders are useful to understand, and have many different uses. In the article that follows, we'll take a sideways step, and explore best practices for styling tables — this will show a useful application of some of the techniques we've looked at so far in the module.
28	Box model recap	Article, Beginner, Boxes, CSS, CodingScripting, Guide, Layout, box model
		We looked at the basics of the CSS box model in our Introduction to CSS module. This article will provide a recap, and dive into some further details on the subject.
29	Creating fancy letterheaded paper	Assessment, Background, Beginner, Boxes, CSS, CodingScripting, beginner, border, box, letter, letterhead, letterheaded, paper
		If you want to make the right impression, writing a letter on nice letterheaded paper can be a really good start. In this assessment we'll challenge you to create an online template to achieve such a look.
30	Styling tables	Article, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Guide, Styling, Tables, beginner
		With the dizzy exciting heights of styling tables now behind us, we need something else to occupy our time. Never fear — the next chapter provides a look at some advanced box effects, some of which have only landed in browsers very recently (such as blend modes and filters), and some of which are a bit more established (such as box shadows.)
31	Styling text	Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Fonts, Landing, Links, Module, Text, beginner, font, letter, line, lists, shadow, web fonts
		With the basics of the CSS language covered, the next CSS topic for you to concentrate on is styling text — one of the most comon things you'll do with CSS. Here we look at text styling fundamentals, including setting font, boldness, italics, line and letter spacing, drop shadows and other text features. We round off the module by looking at applying custom fonts to your page, and styling lists and links.
32	Fundamental text and font styling	Article, Beginner, CSS, Guide, Style, Text, alignment, beginner, family, font, shorthand, spacing, weight
		We hoped you enjoyed playing with text in this article! The next article will give you all you need to know about styling HTML lists.
33	Styling links	Article, Beginner, CSS, Focus, Guide, Learn, Links, Pseudo-class, hover, hyperlinks, menus, tabs
		We hope this article has provided you with all you'll need to know about links — for now! The final article in our Styling text module details how to use custom fonts on your websites, or web fonts as they are better known.
34	Styling lists	Article, Beginner, CSS, Guide, Styling, Text, beginner, bullets, lists
		Lists are relatively easy to get the hang of styling once you know a few associated basic principles and specific properties. In the next article we'll get on to link styling techniques.
35	Typesetting a community school homepage	Assessment, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Link, Styling text, beginner, font, list, web font
		In this assessment we'll test your understanding of all the text styling techniques we've covered throughout this module by getting you to style the text for a community school's homepage. You might just have some fun along the way.
36	Web fonts	@font-face, Article, Beginner, CSS, Fonts, Guide, Learn, beginner, font-family, web fonts
		Now that you have worked through our articles on text styling fundamentals, it is time to test your comprehension with our assessment for the module, Typesetting a community school homepage.
37	Use CSS to solve common problems	Beginner, CSS, Learn, beginner
		The following links point to solutions to common everyday problems you'll need to solve with CSS.
38	create fancy boxes	Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Learn
		CSS boxes are the building blocks of any web page styled with CSS. Making them nice looking is both fun and challenging. It's fun because it's all about turning a design idea into working code; It's challenging because of annoying constraints and crazy freedom in the use of CSS. Let's do some fancy boxes.
39	Coding-Scripting	Beginner, CodingScripting
		REDIRECT Learn
40	Common questions	CodingScripting, Infrastructure, Learn, Web, WebMechanics
		This section of the Learning Area is designed to provide answers to common questions that may come up, which are not necessarily part of the structured core learning pathways (e.g. the HTML or CSS learning articles.) These articles are designed to work on their own.
41	How can we design for all types of users?	Accessibility, Beginner, Design, Mobile, NeedsActiveLearning
		When you're building a website, one top issue to consider is Universal Design: accommodating all users regardless of disability, technical constraints, culture, location, and so on.
42	How do I set up a basic working environment?	Beginner, CodingScripting, File structure, Guide, NeedsActiveLearning, beginner, web server
		Especially when working on your first web project, you'll want to test it locally before you show it to the world. You can do this by setting up a local server. We'll also cover how to put a scalable structure in place so that your files stay organized even when your project gets big.
43	How do I start to design my website?	Beginner, Composing, NeedsActiveLearning, needsSchema
		When starting with a web project, many people focus on the technical side. Of course you must be familiar with the technique of your craft, but what really matters is what you want to accomplish. Yes, it seems obvious, but too many projects fail, not from lack of technical knowhow but from lack of goals and vision.
44	How do I use GitHub Pages?	Beginner, GitHub, Github, Guide, Web, beginner, gh-pages, git, publish
		GitHub is a "social coding" site. It allows you to upload code repositories for storage in the Git version control system. You can then collaborate on code projects, and the system is open-source by default, meaning that anyone in the world can find your GitHub code, use it, learn from it, and improve on it. You can do that with other people's code too! This article provides a basic guide to publishing content using Github's gh-pages feature.
45	How do you host your website on Google App Engine?	Beginner, Google App Engine, Guide, Host, Learn, Web, beginner, publish, website
		Google App Engine is a powerful platform that lets you build and run applications on Google’s infrastructure — whether you need to build a multi-tiered web application from scratch or host a static website. Here's a step-by-step guide to hosting your website on Google App Engine.
46	How do you make sure your website works properly?	Beginner, Document, Guide, NeedsActiveLearning, Web, Web Development, WebMechanics, troubleshooting
		So you've published your website online? Very good! But are you sure it works properly?
47	How do you upload files to a web server?	Beginner, NeedsActiveLearning, WebMechanics
		Now that you have built a simple page, you will want to put it online on some web server. We'll discuss how to do that using FTP.
48	How does the Internet work?	Beginner, Tutorial, WebMechanics
		The Internet is the backbone of the Web, the technical infrastructure that makes the Web possible. At its most basic, the Internet is a large network of computers which communicate all together.
49	How much does it cost to do something on the web?	Beginner, NeedsActiveLearning, WebMechanics, beginner, cost, hosting, web development tools
		When you're launching a website, you may spend nothing or your costs may go through the roof. In this article we discuss how much everything costs and what you get for what you pay (or don't pay).
50	What HTML features promote accessibility?	Accessibility, Beginner, HTML, Learn, NeedsContent, beginner
		The following content describes specific features of HTML that can be used to make a web page more accessible to people with different disabilities.
51	What are browser developer tools?	Beginner, Browser, CSS, CodingScripting, Dev Tools, HTML, JavaScript, Learn
		The devtools live inside your browser in a subwindow that looks roughly like this:
52	What are hyperlinks?	Beginner, Infrastructure, Navigation, NeedsActiveLearning, navigation
		Hyperlinks, usually called simply links, are a foundational concept behind the Web. To explain what links are, we need to step back to the very basics of Web architecture.
53	What do common web layouts contain?	Beginner, CSS, Design, HTML, NeedsActiveLearning
		There's a reason we talk about web design. You start out with a blank page, and you can take it so many directions. And if you don't have much experience, starting out with a blank page might be a bit scary. We have over 25 years' experience and we'll give you some common rules of thumb to help you design your site.
54	What is a URL?	Beginner, Infrastructure, NeedsActiveLearning, URL, url
		With Hypertext and HTTP, URL is one of the key concepts of the Web. It is the mechanism used by browsers to retrieve any published resource on the web.
55	What is a domain name?	Beginner, Domain names, Infrastructure, Intro, NeedsActiveLearning, Web, beginner
		Domain names are a key part of the Internet infrastructure. They provide a human-readable address for any web server available on the Internet.
56	What is a web server?	Beginner, Infrastructure, needsSchema
		"Web server" can refer to hardware or software, or both of them working together.
57	What is accessibility?	Accessibility, Beginner, Intro, NeedsActiveLearning, Web
		Because of physical or technical limitations, maybe your visitors can't experience your website the way you hoped. In this article we give general accessibility principles and explain a few rules.
58	What is the difference between webpage, website, web server, and search engine?	Beginner, NeedsActiveLearning, WebMechanics
		As with any area of knowledge, the Web comes with a lot of jargon. Don't worry, we won't overwhelm you with all of it (we have a glossary if you're curious). However, there are a few basic terms you need to understand at the outset, since you'll hear these expressions all the time as you read on. It's easy to confuse these terms sometimes, since they refer to related but different functionalities. In fact, you'll sometimes see these terms misused in news reports and elsewhere, so getting them mixed up is understandable!
59	What software do I need to build a website?	Beginner, NeedsActiveLearning, WebMechanics, beginner
		You can download for free most of the programs you need for web development. We'll provide a few links in this article. You'll need tools to 1) create and edit webpages, 2) upload files to your web server, and 3) view your website.
60	What text editors are available?	Beginner, Composing, Guide, NeedsActiveLearning, Tools, text editor
		A website consists mostly of text files, so for a fun, pleasant development experience you should choose your text editor wisely.
61	Drafts
		This page links to incomplete drafts, and material we really don't know what to do with yet.
62	Design of Navigation Menus	Beginner, Guide, Navigation, Reference, navigation
		Designing a menu for an application might seem like a simple task, but the truth is it can be difficult. Any design would require consideration about who the audience is (skills, abilities, knowledge), and the complexity of the application.
63	How email works	Junk, junk
		Email (i.e. electronic mail) may be the most heavily used feature on the Internet. You can use it to send messages to anyone who is directly or indirectly connected to the Internet.
64	How image maps work	Junk, junk
		Graphics called image maps demonstrates one of the most common and helpful uses of HTML. Image maps are static images that has been turned to clickable images with various clickable parts. Image maps are created using Common Gateway Interface (CGI), a communications protocol by with the web server can communicate with other applications.
65	How websites work with databases	Junk, junk
		One of the most useful applications of the Web is its capability to link a website with a database so web surfers can search for information. Not only can the Web serve up data, it can also collect it. For example, many websites ask users to "register" their names, addresses, and other demographic information, which is then captured and stored in a database.
66	Python	CodingScripting, Learn, NeedsContent, Python, new
		Python is a widely used, general-purpose, interpreted scripting language. It is available on a broad range of platforms, including Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. Python helps you work quickly and integrate systems effectively, and it encourages programmers to program without boilerplate (prepared) code.
67	Conditionals	CodingScripting, Learn, Python
		If programs could just be run from bottom-down without possible detours they would achieve very little. Because of this, there are constructs (called conditionals) that can be used to take various paths inside code. Let's take our simple calculator and modify it so that the user can choose which operator to use.
68	Getting to know the interactive interpreter	CodingScripting, Learn, Python
		Python can be used in basically two ways: interactive and non-interactive. When the interpreter is invoked with no command line options, it enters interactive mode. That means you can enter Python statements directly to a prompt and have them executed immediately. Using this mode allows you to enter short snippets of code to test ideas and experiment with the language.
69	Hello world	CodingScripting, Learn, Python
		As customary when learning a new language, the first program a programmer writes is called "Hello, world!". It's a very simple program that outputs the text string "Hello, world!" to the console. But, as we'll see, there's a lot of stuff going on even in a program that's so simple. So let's fire up the Python interpreter and type the "Hello, world!" program.
70	Installing Python on your machine	Beginner, CodingScripting, Learn, Python, beginner
		You can download the latest version of python here.  Once you complete the download, launch the application from the Finder on your mac.
71	Lists	CodingScripting, Learn, Python
		When it comes to data manipulation, one often needs some structure to store multiple values. Python is no exception and it actually has several compound data types. The one described in this article is very similar to some other structures in other languages: the list. It can store multiple values from different types (so you could have a list with integers only or a mix with integer, floating numbers, or even lists of lists). A list is written with values, separated by commas and enclosed in square brackets.
72	Loops	CodingScripting, Learn, Python
		No summary!
73	Quickly Learn Object Oriented Programming	Classes, Inheritance, Iterators, OOP, Object, Objects, Python, Tutorial, object oriented programming, objects
		This tutorial explains how to get started with object-oriented programming, using code examples and brief, practical explanations.
74	Variables	CodingScripting, Learn, Python
		Doing computation on the fly is fun and all, but suppose you want to actually store the results of a computation. This is what variables are for.
75	Understanding Cloud architectures	Cloud, NeedsContent
		Technical review completed.
76	Web security	Guide, Intermediate, NeedsExample, Privacy, Security
		This competency demonstrates skills around the top of web security, which is a subset of Information security. The articles in this section will:
77	Web servers and Firewall - Maximum Security Against Attack	DMZ, FTP, Firewall, Internet, LAN, Security, web server
		If you connect web servers to a network, you need to consider the security implications of doing so. Every network that has an Internet connection is at risk of being compromised. There are several steps that you can take to secure your LAN (Local Area Network). The only real solution is to close your LAN to incoming traffic and restrict outgoing traffic.
78	What people need to see your web site	Beginner, Guide, Marketing, Promotion, beginner, l10n:priority, marketing, offline marketing, online advertising, promotion, website marketing
		Building a website is fun and exciting! Unfortunately, the process doesn't stop there. After you have created a website, you need to make people and search engines know that your website exists on the Internet. This article will teach you how to get people to visit your website. Advanced topics like search engine optimization (SEO), microdata, rich snippets, schema, and other techniques that make your site receive a higher ranking in search engines will be excluded from this lesson.
79	Getting started with the Web	Beginner, CSS, Design, Guide, HTML, Index, index, publishing, theory
		It's a lot of work to create a professional website, so if you're new to web development we encourage you to start small. You won't build another Facebook right away, but it's not hard to get your own simple website online, so we'll start there.
80	CSS basics	Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, Learn, Styling, Web
		Like HTML, CSS is not really a programming language. It is a style sheet language, that is, it lets you apply styles selectively to elements in HTML documents. For example, to select all the paragraph elements on an HTML page and turn the text within them red, you'd write this CSS:
81	Dealing with files	Beginner, CodingScripting, Files, Guide, HTML, theory, website
		When you are working on a website locally on your own computer, you should keep all the related files in a single folder that mirrors the published website's file structure on the server. This folder can live anywhere you like, but you should put it somewhere where you can easily find it, maybe on your Desktop, in your Home folder, or at the root of your hard drive.
82	HTML basics	Beginner, CodingScripting, HTML, Learn, Web
		HTML is not a programming language; it is a markup language, and is used to tell your browser how to display the webpages you visit. It can be as complicated or as simple as the web designer wishes it to be. HTML consists of a series of elements, which you use to enclose, or wrap, different parts of the content to make it appear a certain way, or act a certain way. The enclosing tags can make a word or an image a hyperlink to somewhere else, can italicize words, and can make font bigger or smaller, and so on.  For example, take the following line of content:
83	How the Web works	Beginner, Client, DNS, HTTP, IP, Infrastructure, Learn, Server, TCP
		This theory is not essential to writing web code in the short term, but before long you'll really start to benefit from understanding what's happening in the background.
84	Installing basic software	Beginner, Browser, Learn, Setup, Tools, WebMechanics, text editor
		That looks like a scary list, but fortunately you can get started in web development without knowing anything about most of these. In this article we'll just set you up with a bare minimum — a text editor and some modern web browsers.
85	JavaScript basics	Beginner, CodingScripting, JavaScript, Learn, Web
		JavaScript ("JS" for short) is a full-fledged dynamic programming language that, when applied to an HTML document, can provide dynamic interactivity on websites. It was invented by Brendan Eich, co-founder of the Mozilla project, the Mozilla Foundation, and the Mozilla Corporation.
86	Publishing your website	Beginner, CodingScripting, FTP, GitHub, Github, Google App Engine, Learn, Web, publishing, web server
		Publishing a website isn't a simple topic, mainly because there are so many different ways to do it. In this article we don't aim to document all possible methods. Rather, we'll discuss the pros and cons of three broad strategies from a beginner's point of view, and then walk you through one method that will work for now.
87	What will your website look like?	Assets, Beginner, Composing, Content, Design, Fonts, Learn, Plan
		Before you do anything, you need some ideas. What should your website actually do? A website can do basically anything, but for your first try you should keep things simple. We'll start by creating a simple webpage with a heading, an image, and a few paragraphs.
88	HTML	Beginner, Guide, HTML, Intro, Learn, Topic
		To build websites, you should know about HTML — the fundamental technology used to define the structure of a webpage. HTML is used to specify whether your web content should be recognized as a paragraph, list, heading, link, image, multimedia player, form, or one of many other available elements or even a new element that you define.
89	Forms and buttons	Article, Assessment, Beginner, Controls, Forms, HTML, Landing, Learn, Validation, semantics
		Forms and buttons are a very important part of the Web — these allow your site visitors to input data and send it to you (e.g. registration, login and feedback forms), and you to implement controls for controlling complex functionality (for example submitting a form to the server, or pausing playback of a video.) This module gets you started.
90	Form and button basics	Article, Beginner, Buttons, Controls, Forms, HTML, Learn, buttons
		In this article we'll take you through the basics of HTML forms, including their purpose, basic features, and common form controls. We'll also have a look at HTML buttons and how they can be used.
91	HTML Cheatsheet	Beginner, Guide, HTML
		While using HTML it can be very handy to have an easy way to remember how to use HTML tags properly and how to apply them. MDN provides you with an extended HTML documentation as well as a deep instructional HTML how-to. However, in many cases we just need some quick hints as we go. That's the whole purpose of the cheatsheet, to give you some quick accurate ready to use code snippets for common usages.
92	Introduction to HTML	CodingScripting, HTML, Introduction to HTML, Landing, Links, Structure, Text, head, semantics, structure
		At its heart, HTML is a fairly simple language made up of elements, which can be applied to pieces of text to give them different meaning in a document (is it a paragraph? is it a bulleted list? is it part of a table?), structure a document into logical sections (does it have a header? three columns of content? a navigation menu?) and embed content such as images and videos into a page. This module will introduce the first two of these, and introduce fundamental concepts and syntax you need to know to understand HTML.
93	Advanced text formatting	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, HTML, Learn, Text, abbreviation, beginner, description list, quote, semantic
		That marks the end of our study of HTML text semantics. Bear in mind that what you have seen during this course is not an exhaustive list of HTML text elements — we wanted to try to cover the essentials, and some of the more common ones you will see in the wild, or at least might find interesting. To find way more HTML elements, you can take a look at our HTML element reference (the Inline text semantics section would be a great place to start.) In the next article we will look at the HTML elements you'd use to structure the different parts of an HTML document.
94	Creating hyperlinks	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, HTML, Learn, Links, Title, absolute, hyperlinks, relative, urls
		That's it for links, for now anyway! You'll return to links later on in the course when you start to look at styling them. Next up for HTML, we'll return to text semantics and look at some more advanced/unusual features that you'll find useful — Advanced text formatting is your next stop.
95	Debugging HTML	Beginner, CodingScripting, Debugging, Error, Guide, HTML, Validation, beginner, debugging, validator
		So there we have it, an introduction to debugging your HTML, which should give you some useful skills to count on when you start to debug CSS, JavaScript, and other types of code later on in your career. This also marks the end of the Introduction to HTML module learning articles — now you can go on to testing yourself with our assessments: the first one is linked below.
96	Document and website structure	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, HTML, Layout, Page, Site, beginner, blocks, semantics
		At this point you should have a better idea about how to structure a web page/site. In the last article of this module, we'll study how to debug HTML.
97	Getting started with HTML	Attribute, Beginner, CodingScripting, Comment, Element, Guide, HTML, beginner, entity reference, whitespace
		You've reached the end of the article — hope you enjoyed your tour of the very basics of HTML. At this point you should understand what the language looks like, how it works at a basic level, and be able to write a few elements and attributes. This is a perfect place to be right now, as in subsequent articles in the module we will go into some of the things you have already looked at in a lot more detail, and introduce some new features of the language. Stay tuned!
98	HTML text fundamentals	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, HTML, Introduction to HTML, Learn, Text, beginner, headings, paragraphs, semantics
		That's it for now! This article should have given you a good idea of how to start marking up text in HTML, and introduced you to some of the most important elements in this area. There are a lot more semantic elements to cover in this area, and we'll look at a lot more in our 'More Semantic Elements' article, later on in the course. In the next article, we'll be looking in detail at how to create hyperlinks, possibly the most important element on the Web.
99	Marking up a letter	Assessment, Beginner, CodingScripting, HTML, Links, Text, beginner, head
		We all learn to write a letter sooner or later; it is also a useful example to test out our text formatting skills! In this assessment you'll be given a letter to mark up to test basic and advanced HTML text formatting skills, including hyperlinks, plus we'll test your familiarity with some HTML <head> contents.
100	Structuring a page of content	Assessment, Beginner, CodingScripting, HTML, Layout, Learn, Structure, beginner, semantics, structure
		Structuring a page of content ready for laying it out using CSS is a very important skill to master, so in this assessment you'll be tested on your ability to think about how a page might end up looking, and choose appropriate structural semantics to build a layout on top of.
101	What’s in the head? Metadata in HTML	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, HTML, Meta, beginner, favicon, head, lang, meta, metadata
		That marks the end of our quickfire tour of the HTML head — there's a lot more you can do in here, but an exhaustive tour would be boring and confusing at this stage, and we just wanted to give you an idea of the most common things you'll find in there for now! In the next article we'll be looking at HTML text fundamentals.
102	Multimedia and embedding	Assessment, Audio, Beginner, CodingScripting, Flash, Guide, HTML, Images, Landing, Learn, SVG, Video, audio, beginner, iframes, imagemaps, responsive, video
		We've looked at a lot of text so far in this course. A. lot. of. text. But the web would be really boring with nothing but text, so let's start looking at how to make the Web come alive, with more interesting content! This module explores how to use HTML to include multimedia in your web pages, including the different ways that images can be included, and how to embed video, audio, and even entire other webpages.
103	Adding vector graphics to the Web	Beginner, Graphics, Guide, HTML, Images, Learn, Raster, SVG, Vector, iframe, img
		This article has provided you with a quick tour of what vector graphics and SVG are, why they are useful to know about, and how to include SVG inside your webpages. It was never intended to be a full guide to learning SVG, just a pointer so you know what SVG is if you meet it in your travels around the Web. So don't worry if you don't feel like you are an SVG expert yet. We've included some links below that might help you if you wish to go and find out more about how it works.
104	From object to iframe — other embedding technologies	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Embedding, Flash, Guide, HTML, Learn, Multimedia and embedding, Object, beginner, embed, iframe
		The topic of embedding other content in web documents can quickly become very complex, so in this article we've tried to introduce it in a simple, familiar way that will immediately seem relevant, while still hinting at some of the more advanced features of the involved technologies. To start with, you are unlikely to use embedding for much beyond including third party content like maps and videos on your pages. As you become more experienced however, you are likely to start finding more uses for them.
105	Images in HTML	Article, Beginner, Guide, HTML, Image, alt text, beginner, captions, figcaption, figure, image, img
		That's all for now — we have covered images and captions in detail. In the next article we'll move up a gear, looking at how to use HTML to embed video and audio in web pages.
106	Mozilla splash page	Assessment, Beginner, CodingScripting, Embedding, HTML, Images, Multimedia, Video, beginner, iframe, picture, responsive, sizes, srcset, video
		In this assessment, we'll test your knowledge of some of the techniques discussed in this module's articles, getting you to add some images and video to a funky splash page all about Mozilla!
107	Responsive images	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Design, Graphics, Guide, HTML, Image, Intermediate, beginner, image, img, picture, sizes, srcset
		That's a wrap for responsive images — we hope you enjoyed playing with these new techniques. As a recap, there are two distinct problems we've been discussing here:
108	Video and audio content	Article, Audio, Beginner, Guide, HTML, Video, audio, beginner, captions, subtitles, track, video
		And that's a wrap; we hope you had fun playing with video and audio in web pages! In the next article, we'll look at other ways of embedding content on the Web, using technologies like <iframe> and <object>.
109	Use HTML to solve common problems	CodingScripting, HTML
		The following links point to solutions to common everyday problems you'll need to solve with HTML.
110	Add a hit map on top of an image	Graphics, Guide, HTML, Intermediate, Navigation
		When you nest an image inside <a>, the entire image links to one webpage. An image map, on the other hand, contains several active regions (called "hotspots") that each link to a different resource.
111	Define terms with HTML	Beginner, Guide, HTML, Learn, beginner, guide
		When you need a term defined, you probably go straight to a dictionary or glossary. Dictionaries and glossaries formally associate keywords with one or more descriptions, as in this case:
112	Use JavaScript within a webpage	Beginner, HTML, JavaScript, OpenPractices
		JavaScript is a programming language mostly used client-side to make webpages interactive. You can create amazing webpages without JavaScript, but JavaScript opens up a whole new level of possibilities.
113	How to contribute to the Learning Area on MDN	Beginner, Contribute, Documentation, Guide, Learn, MDN Meta, MDN meta, documentation, l10n:priority
		On this page, you'll find everything you need to start helping improve MDN's learning content. There are many things you can do, depending on how much time you have and whether you are a beginner, a web developer, or a teacher.
114	Index	Index, Learn, MDN Meta
		Found 184 pages:
115	JavaScript	Beginner, CodingScripting, JavaScript, Landing, Topic
		JavaScript is a programming language that allows you to implement complex things on web pages — every time a web page does more than just sit there and display static information for you to look at — displaying timely content updates, or interactive maps, or animated 2D/3D graphics, or scrolling video jukeboxes, etc. — you can bet that JavaScript is probably involved.
116	Introducing JavaScript objects	Article, Assessment, Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, JavaScript, Learn, Objects, Tutorial, objects
		In JavaScript, most things are objects, from core JavaScript features like strings and arrays to the browser APIs built on top of JavaScript. You can even create your own objects to encapsulate related functions and variables into efficient packages, and act as handy data containers. The object-oriented nature of JavaScript is important to understand if you want to go further with your knowledge of the language, therefore we've provided this module to help you. Here we teach object theory and syntax in detail, then look at how to create your own objects.
117	Adding features to our bouncing balls demo	Assessment, Beginner, CodingScripting, JavaScript, Learn, OOJS, Object-Oriented, Objects, beginner, objects
		In this assessment, you are expected to use the bouncing balls demo from the previous article as a starting point, and add some new and interesting features to it.
118	Inheritance in JavaScript	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Inheritance, JavaScript, Learn, OOJS, OOP, Object, Prototype, beginner
		This article has covered the remainder of the core OOJS theory and syntax that we think you should know now. At this point you should understand JavaScript object and OOP basics, prototypes and prototypal inheritance, how to create classes (constructors) and object instances, add features to classes, and create subclasses that inherit from other classes.
119	JavaScript object basics	API, Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, JavaScript, Learn, Object, Syntax, bracket notation, dot notation, instance, object literal, theory, this
		Congratulations, you've reached the end of our first JS objects article — you should now have a good idea of how to work with objects in JavaScript — including creating your own simple objects. You should also appreciate that objects are very useful as structures for storing related data and functionality — if you tried to keep track of all the properties and methods in our person object as separate variables and functions, it would be inefficient and frustrating, and we'd run the risk of clashing with other variables and functions that have the same names. Objects let us keep the information safely locked away in their own package, out of harm's way.
120	Object building practice	Article, Beginner, Canvas, CodingScripting, Guide, JavaScript, Learn, Objects, Tutorial, beginner, objects
		We hope you had fun writing your own real world random bouncing balls example, using various object and object-oriented techniques from throughout the module! This should have given you some useful practice in using objects, and good real world context.
121	Object prototypes	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Constructor, JavaScript, Learn, OOJS, OOP, Object, Prototype, create()
		This article has covered JavaScript object prototypes, including how prototype object chains allow objects to inherit features from one another, the prototype property and how it can be used to add methods to constructors, and other related topics.
122	Object-oriented JavaScript for beginners	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Constructor, Create, JavaScript, Learn, OOJS, OOP, Object, Object-Oriented, create, instance
		This article has provided a simplified view of object-oriented theory — this isn't the whole story, but it gives you an idea of what we are dealing with here. In addition, we have started to look at how JavaScript relates and how it differs from "classic OOP", how to implement classes in JavaScript using constructor functions, and different ways of generating object instances.
123	Working with JSON data	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, JSON, JavaScript, Learn, Objects, Tutorial, beginner, objects
		In this article, we've given you a simple guide to using JSON in your programs, including how to create and parse JSON, and how to access data locked inside it. In the next article we'll begin looking at object oriented JavaScript.
124	JavaScript building blocks	Article, Assessment, Beginner, CodingScripting, Conditionals, Events, Functions, Guide, JavaScript, Landing, Loops, Module, events
		In this module, we continue our coverage of all JavaScript's key fundamental features, turning our attention to commonly-encountered types of code block such as conditional statements, loops, functions, and events. You've seen this stuff already in the course, but only in passing — here we'll discuss it all explicitly.
125	Build your own function	Article, Beginner, Build, CodingScripting, Functions, Guide, JavaScript, Learn, Tutorial, beginner, build, invoke, parameters
		With most of the essential theory dealt with in the previous article, this article provides a practical experience — here you'll get some practice with building up your own custom function. Along with way, we'll also explain some further useful details of dealing with functions.
126	Function return values	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Functions, Guide, JavaScript, Learn, Return, Return values, beginner
		There's one last essential concept for us to discuss in this course, to close our look at functions — return values. Some functions don't return a significant value after completion, but others do, and it's important to understand what there values are, how to make use of them in your code, and how to make your own custom functions return useful values. We'll cover all of these below.
127	Functions — reusable blocks of code	API, Article, Beginner, Browser, CodingScripting, Custom, Functions, Guide, JavaScript, Learn, Method, anonymous, invoke, parameters
		Another essential concept in coding is functions, which allow you to store a piece of code that does a single task inside a defined block, and then call that code whenever you need it using a single short command — rather than having to type out the same code multiple times. In this article we'll explore fundamental concepts behind functions such as basic syntax, how to invoke and define them, scope, and parameters.
128	Image gallery	Assessment, Beginner, CodingScripting, Conditionals, Event Handler, Events, JavaScript, Learn, Loops, beginner, events
		Now that we've looked at the fundamental building blocks of JavaScript, we'll test your knowledge of loops, functions, conditionals and events by getting to to build a fairly common item you'll see on a lot of websites — a JavaScript-powered image gallery.
129	Introduction to events	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Event Handler, Events, Guide, JavaScript, Learn, events
		Events are actions or occurrences that happen in the system you are programming, which the system tells you about so you can respond to them in some way if desired. For example if the user clicks a button on a webpage, you might want to respond to that action by displaying an information box. In this article we will discuss some important concepts surrounding events, and look at how they work in browsers. This won't be an exhaustive study; just what you need to know at this stage.
130	Looping code	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, DO, Guide, JavaScript, Learn, Loop, beginner, break, continue, for, while
		Programming languages are very useful for rapidly completing repetitive tasks, from multiple basic calculations to just about any other situation where you've got a lot of similar items of work to complete. Here we'll look at the loop structures available in JavaScript that handle such needs.
131	Making decisions in your code — conditionals	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Conditionals, JavaScript, Learn, Switch, beginner, conditions, else, if, ternary
		In any programming language, code needs to make decisions and carry out actions accordingly depending on different inputs. For example, in a game, if the player's number of lives is 0, then it's game over. In a weather app, if it is being looked at in the morning, show a sunrise graphic; show stars and a moon if it is nighttime. In this article we'll explore how so-called conditional statements work in JavaScript.
132	JavaScript first steps	Arrays, Article, Assessment, Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, JavaScript, Landing, Module, Numbers, Operators, Strings, Variables, maths, strings
		In our first JavaScript module, we first answer some fundamental questions such as "what is JavaScript?", "what does it look like?", and "what can it do?", before moving on to taking you through your first practical experience of writing JavaScript. After that, we discuss some key building blocks in detail, such as variables, strings, numbers and arrays.
133	A first splash into JavaScript	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Conditionals, Events, Functions, JavaScript, Learn, Objects, Operators, Variables, beginner, events, objects
		Now you've learned something about the theory of JavaScript, and what you can do with it, we are going to give you a crash course in the basic features of JavaScript via a completely practical tutorial. Here you'll build up a simple "Guess the number" game, step by step.
134	Arrays	Arrays, Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, JavaScript, Join, Learn, Pop, Push, beginner, shift, split, unshift
		In the final article of this module, we'll look at arrays — a neat way of storing a list of data items under a single variable name. Here we look at why this is useful, then explore how to create an array, retrieve, add, and remove items stored in an array, and more besides.
135	Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, JavaScript, Learn, Math, Operators, augmented, beginner, increment, maths, modulo
		In this article we have covered the fundamental information you need to know about numbers in JavaScript, for now. You'll see numbers used again and again, all the way through your JavaScript learning, so it's a good idea to get this out of the way now. If you are one of those people that doesn't enjoy math, you can take comfort in the fact that this chapter was pretty short.
136	Handling text — strings in JavaScript	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, JavaScript, Join, Quotes, Strings, beginner, concatenation, strings
		Next we'll turn our attention to strings — this is what pieces of text are called in programming. In this article we'll look at all the common things that you really ought to know about strings when learning JavaScript, such as creating strings, escaping quotes in string, and joining them together.
137	Silly story generator	Arrays, Assessment, Beginner, CodingScripting, JavaScript, Learn, Numbers, Operators, Strings, Variables, beginner, strings
		In this assessment you'll be tasked with taking some of the knowledge you've picked up in this module's articles and applying it to creating a fun app that generates random silly stories. Have fun!
138	Storing the information you need — Variables	Arrays, Booleans, JavaScript, Numbers, Objects, Strings, Updating, Variables, declaring, initializing, loose typing, objects, strings
		By now you should know a reasonable amount about JavaScript variables and how to create them. In the next article we'll focus on numbers in more detail, looking at how to do basic math in JavaScript.
139	Useful string methods	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, JavaScript, Learn, beginner, case, indexof, length, lower, replace, split, upper
		Now we've looked at the very basics of strings, let's move up a gear and start thinking about what useful operations we can do on strings with built-in methods, such as finding the length of a text string, joining and splitting strings, substituting one character in a string for another, and more.
140	What is JavaScript?	3rd party, API, Article, Beginner, Browser, CodingScripting, Core, JavaScript, Learn, Script, comments, external, inline, what
		So there you go, your first step into the world of JavaScript. We've begun with just theory, to start getting you used to why you'd use JavaScript, and what kind of things you can do with it. Along the way you saw a few code examples and learned how JavaScript fits in with the rest of the code on your website, amongst other things.
141	What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Debugging, Developer Tools, Error, JavaScript, Learn, Tutorial, beginner, console.log, debugging
		So there we have it, the basics of figuring out errors in simple JavaScript programs. It won't always be that simple to work out what's wrong in your code, but at least this will save you a few hours of sleep and allow you to progress a bit faster when things don't turn out right earlier onin your learning journey.
142	Server-side website programming	Beginner, CodingScripting, Intro, Landing, Learn, Server, Server-side programming, Topic, beginner
		The Dynamic Websites – Server-side programming topic is a series of modules that show how to create dynamic websites; websites that deliver customised information in response to HTTP requests. The modules provide a generic introduction to server-side programming, along with specific beginner-level guides on how to use the Django (Python) and Express (Node.js/JavaScript) web frameworks to create basic applications.
143	Django Web Framework (Python)	Beginner, CodingScripting, Intro, Learn, Python, Server-side programming, django
		Django is an extremely popular and fully featured server-side web framework, written in Python. The module shows you why Django is one of the most popular web server frameworks, how to set up a development environment, and how to get started with using it to create your own web applications.
144	Django Introduction	Beginner, CodingScripting, Intro, Learn, Python, Server-side programming, beginner, django
		Congratulations, you've completed the first step in your Django journey! You should now understand Django's main benefits, a little about its history, and roughly what each of the main parts of a Django app might look like. You should have also have learned a few things about the Python programming language, including the syntax for lists, functions, and classes.
145	Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, Intro, Learn, Tutorial, django, server-side
		You have now created a complete skeleton website project, which you can go on to populate with urls, models, views, and templates.
146	Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Learn, Model, Tutorial, data, django, server-side
		In this article we've learned how models are defined, and then used this information to design and implement appropriate models for the LocalLibrary website.
147	Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Learn, Python, Tutorial, django, django_admin, server-side
		That's it! You've now learned how to set up the administration site in both its simplest and improved form, how to create a superuser, and how to navigate the admin site and view, delete, and update records. Along the way you've created a bunch of Books, BookInstances, Genres and Authors that we'll be able to list and display once we create our own view and templates.
148	Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Learn, Tutorial, django, django templates, django views, server-side
		We've now created the home page for our site — an HTML page that displays some counts of records from the database and has links to our other still-to-be-created pages. Along the way we've learned a lot of fundamental information about url mappers, views, querying the database using our models, how to pass information to a template from your view, and how to create and extend templates.
149	Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views	Beginner, Learn, Tutorial, django, django templates, django views
		Congratulations, our basic library functionality is now complete!
150	Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Learn, Python, Server, Tutorial, django, django sessions, server-side, sessions
		You now know how easy it is to use sessions to improve your interaction with anonymous users.
151	Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions	Article, Authentication, Beginner, Forms, Learn, Permissions, Python, Server, Tutorial, django, django authentication, permissions, server-side, sessions
		Excellent work — you've now created a website that library members can login into and view their own content, and that librarians (with the correct permission) can use to view all loaned books and their borrowers. At the moment we're still just viewing content, but the same principles and techniques are used when you want to start modifying and adding data.
152	Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms	Beginner, CodingScripting, Django Forms, Forms, HTML forms, Learn, Tutorial, django, server side
		Creating and handling forms can be a complicated process! Django makes it much easier by providing programmatic mechanisms to declare, render and validate forms. Furthermore, Django provides generic form editing views that can do almost all the work to define pages that can create, edit, and delete records associated with a single model instance.
153	Django Tutorial — The Local Library website	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, Learn, Tutorial, beginner, django, server-side
		Now that you know a bit more about the LocalLIbrary website and what you're going to learn, it's time to start creating a skeleton project to contain our example.
154	Setting up a Django development environment	Beginner, CodingScripting, Development environment, Installing, Intro, Learn, Python, django
		You now have a Django development environment up and running on your computer.
155	Server-side website programming first steps	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, Intro, Landing, Learn, Server-side programming, beginner
		In this, our first server-side programming module, we answer a few fundamental questions about server-side programming — "what is it?", "how does it differs from client-side programming?", and "why it is so useful?". We then provide an overview of some of the more popular server-side web frameworks , along with guidance on how to select the most suitable for framework for creating your first site. Lastly we provide a high-level introductory article about web server security.
156	Client-Server overview	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, Intro, Learn, Server, Server-side programming, beginner
		At this point you should have a good overview of the operations that server-side code has to perform, and know some of the ways in which a server-side web framework can make this easier.
157	Introduction to the server side	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, Intro, Learn, Server, Server-side programming
		Congratulations, you've reached the end of the first article about server-side programming.
158	Server-side web frameworks	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, Intro, Learn, Server, Server-side programming, Web frameworks, beginner
		This article has shown that web frameworks can make it easier to develop and maintain server-side code. It has also provided a a high level overview of a few popular frameworks, and discussed criteria for choosing a web application framework. You should now have at least an idea of how to choose a web framework for your own server-side development. If not, then don't worry — later on in the course we'll give you detailed tutorials on Django and Express to give you some experience of actually working with a web framework.
159	Website security	Beginner, CodingScripting, Guide, Intro, Learn, Security, Server-side programming, Web security, beginner
		This article has explained the concept of web security and some of the more common threats that your website should attempt to protect against. Most importantly, you should understand that a web application cannot trust any data from the web browser! All user data should be sanitized it before it is displayed, or used in SQL queries or file system calls.
160	Tools and testing	Accessibility, Automation, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, HTML, JavaScript, Landing, Learn, Testing, Tools, Topic, cross browser, user testing
		Once you've started to become comfortable programming with core web technologies (like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript), and you start to get more experience, read more resources, and learn more tips and tricks, you'll start to come across all kind of tools, from ready-rolled CSS and JavaScript, to testing and automation apps, and more besides. As your web projects become larger and more complex, you'll want to start taking advantage of some of these tools, and working out reliable testing plans for your code. This part of the learning area aims to give you what you need get started and make informed choices.
161	Cross browser testing	Accessibility, Automation, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, HTML, JavaScript, Landing, Learn, Module, Testing, Tools, cross browser
		This module looks specifically at the area of testing web projects across different browsers. Here we look identifying your target audience (e.g. what users, browsers and devices do you most need to worry about?), how to go about doing testing, the main issues that you'll face with different types of code and how to fix/mitigate those, what tools are most useful in helping you test and fix problems, and how to use automation to speed up testing.
162	Handling common HTML and CSS problems	Article, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, HTML, Learn, Selectors, Testing, cross browser, linting
		Now you should be familiar with the main types of cross browser HTML and CSS problems that you'll meet in web development, and how to go about fixing them.
163	Handling common JavaScript problems	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, JavaScript, Learn, Libraries, Testing, cross browser, feature detection, libraries, linting, polyfills
		So that's JavaScript. Simple huh? Maybe not so simple, but this article should at least give you a start, and some ideas on how to tackle the JavaScript-related problems you will come across.
164	Handling common accessibility problems	Accessibility, Article, Beginner, CSS, CodingScripting, HTML, JavaScript, Learn, Testing, Tools, cross browser, keyboard
		Hopefully this article has given you a good grounding in the main accessibility problems you might encounter, and how to test and overcome them.
165	Introduction to automated testing	Article, Automation, Beginner, CodingScripting, Learn, Sauce Labs, Testing, Tools, Web Stack, cross browser
		This was quite a ride, but I'm sure you can start to see the benefit in having automation tools do a lot of the heavy lifting for you in terms of testing.
166	Introduction to cross browser testing	Article, Beginner, CodingScripting, Learn, Testing, concepts, cross browser
		This article should have given you a high-level understanding of the most important concepts you need to know about cross browser testing. Armed with this knowledge, you are now ready to move on and start learning about Cross browser testing strategies.
167	Setting up your own test automation environment	Article, Automation, Beginner, Browser, CodingScripting, Learn, Testing, Tools, cross browser, selenium
		This module should have proven fun, and should have given you enough of an insight into writing and running automated tests for you to get going with writing your own automated tests.
168	Strategies for carrying out testing	Article, Automation, Beginner, CodingScripting, Learn, Testing, concepts, cross browser, device lab, user testing, virtual machine
		After reading this article you should now have a good idea of what you can do to identify your target audience/target browser list, and then effectively carry out cross browser testing on that list.
169	WebGL	Beginner, NeedsContent, WebGL, beginner
		When trying to describe WebGL (and its parent technology OpenGL) we often say that it is a technology for drawing 3D graphics and applying visual effects to it, such as lighting, texturing, shadows, and so on. This is probably its most common use.
170	WebGL by example	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, WebGL
		No summary!
171	Basic scissoring	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
172	Boilerplate 1	Beginner, Example, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
173	Canvas size and WebGL	Beginner, Example, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
174	Clearing by clicking	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
175	Clearing with colors	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
176	Color masking	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
177	Detect WebGL	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
178	Hello GLSL	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
179	Hello vertex attributes	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
180	Raining rectangles	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
181	Scissor animation	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
182	Simple color animation	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
183	Textures from code	Beginner, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!
184	Video textures	Advanced, Example, Graphics, Learn, Tutorial, WebGL
		No summary!