Audio and Video Delivery

The Audio and Video Elements

Whether we are dealing with pre-recorded audio files or live streams, the mechanism for making them available through the browser's <audio> and <video> elements remains pretty much the same. Currently, to support all browsers we need to specify two formats, although with the adoption of MP3 and MP4 formats in Firefox and Opera, this is changing fast. You can find compatibility information in the following places:

• Audio Codec Compatibility Table
• Audio/Video Codec Compatibility Table

To deliver video and audio, the general workflow is usually something like this:

1. Check what format the browser supports via feature detection (usually a choice of two, as stated above.)
2. If the browser doesn't support playback of any of the provided formats natively, provide a fallback (such as a Flash movie.)
3. Identify how you want to play/instantiate the media (e.g. a <video> element, or document.createElement('video') perhaps?)
4. Deliver the media file to the player.

HTML Audio

<audio controls preload="auto">
  <source src="audiofile.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
 
  <!-- fallback for browsers that don't suppport mp3 -->
  <source src="audiofile.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
 
  <!-- fallback for browsers that don't support audio tag -->
  <a href="audiofile.mp3">download audio</a>
</audio>

The code above will create an audio player that attempts to preload as much audio as possible for smooth playback.

For further info see Cross Browser Audio Basics (HTML5 Audio In Detail)

HTML Video

<video controls width="640" height="480" poster="initialimage.png" autoplay muted>
  <source src="videofile.mp4" type="video/mp4">
 
  <!-- fallback for browsers that don't suppport mp4 -->
  <source src="videofile.webm" type="video/webm">
 
  <!-- specifying subtitle files -->
  <track src="subtitles_en.vtt" kind="subtitles" srclang="en" label="English">
  <track src="subtitles_no.vtt" kind="subtitles" srclang="no" label="Norwegian">
 
  <!-- fallback for browsers that don't support video tag -->
  <a href="videofile.mp4">download video</a>
</video>

The code above creates a video player of dimensions 640x480 pixels, displaying a poster image until the video is played. We instruct the video to autoplay but to be muted by default.

For further info see <video> element and Creating a cross-browser video player.

Audio and Video Fallback

You can create a more comprehensive Fallback using Flash. Using flashmediaelement.swf is one way.

<audio controls>
  <source src="audiofile.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
  <source src="audiofile.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
  <!-- fallback for non supporting browsers goes here -->
  <a href="audiofile.mp3">download audio</a>
  <object width="320" height="30" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="flashmediaelement.swf">
    <param name="movie" value="flashmediaelement.swf" />
    <param name="flashvars" value="controls=true&isvideo=false&file=audiofile.mp3" />
  </object>
</audio>

The process is very similar with video — just remember to set isvideo=true in the flashvars value parameters.

More options for Fallbacks.

JavaScript Audio

var myAudio = document.createElement('audio');

if (myAudio.canPlayType('audio/mpeg')) {
  myAudio.setAttribute('src','audiofile.mp3');
} else if (myAudio.canPlayType('audio/ogg')) {
  myAudio.setAttribute('src','audiofile.ogg');
}

myAudio.currentTime = 5;
myAudio.play();

We set the source of the audio depending on the type of audio file the browser supports, then set the play-head 5 seconds in and attempt to play it.

It's also possible to feed an <audio> element a base64 encoded WAV file, allowing to generate audio on the fly:

<audio id="player" src="data:audio/x-wav;base64,UklGRvC..."></audio>

Speak.js employs this technique. Try the demo.

JavaScript Video

var myVideo = document.createElement('video');

if (myVideo.canPlayType('video/mp4')) {
  myVideo.setAttribute('src','videofile.mp4');
} else if (myVideo.canPlayType('video/webm')) {
  myVideo.setAttribute('src','videofile.webm');
}

myVideo.width = 480;
myVideo.height = 320;

We set the source of the video depending on the type of video file the browser supports we then set the width and height of the video.

Web Audio API

  var context;
  var request;
  var source;

  try {
    context = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)();
    request = new XMLHttpRequest();
    request.open("GET","https://jplayer.org/audio/mp3/RioMez-01-Sleep_together.mp3",true);
    request.responseType = "arraybuffer";

    request.onload = function() {
      context.decodeAudioData(request.response, function(buffer) {
        source = context.createBufferSource();  
        source.buffer = buffer;
        source.connect(context.destination);
        // auto play
        source.start(0); // start was previously noteOn
      });
    };

    request.send();

  } catch(e) {
    alert('web audio api not supported');
  }

In this example we retrieve an MP3 file via XHR, load it into a source and play it (Try it for yourself). Find more about Web Audio API basics in Using the Web Audio API.

getUserMedia / Stream API

It's also possible to retrieve a live stream from a webcam and/or microphone using getUserMedia and the Stream API. This makes up part of a wider technology known as WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communications) and is compatible with the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox and Opera.

To grab the stream from your webcam, first set up a <video> element:

<video id="webcam" width="480" height="360"></video>

Next, if supported connect the webcam source to the video element:

navigator.getUserMedia ||
  (navigator.getUserMedia = navigator.mozGetUserMedia ||
  navigator.webkitGetUserMedia || navigator.msGetUserMedia);

window.URL = window.URL || window.webkitURL || window.mozURL || window.msURL;

if (navigator.getUserMedia) {
    navigator.getUserMedia({
        video: true,
        audio: false
    }, onSuccess, onError);
} else {
    alert('getUserMedia is not supported in this browser.');
}

function onSuccess(stream) {
    var video = document.getElementById('webcam');
    video.autoplay = true;
    video.src = window.URL.createObjectURL(stream);
}

function onError() {
    alert('There has been a problem retreiving the streams - are you running on file:/// or did you disallow access?');
}

To find out more, read our Navigator.getUserMedia page.

Mediastream Recording

New standards are being rolled out to allow your browser to grab media from your mic or camera using getUserMedia and record it instantly using the new MediaRecorder API. You take the stream you receive from getUserMedia, pass it to a MediaRecorder object, take the resulting output and feed it to your audio or video source*.

The main mechanism is outlined below:

var onSuccess = function(stream) {

  var mediaRecorder = new MediaRecorder(stream);

  mediaRecorder.ondataavailable = function(e) {
    var audio = document.createElement('audio');
    audio.src = window.URL.createObjectURL(e.data);
  }
}

navigator.getUserMedia({audio:true}, onSuccess);

See MediaRecorder API for more details.

Media Source Extensions (MSE)

Media Source Extensions is a W3C working draft that plans to extend HTMLMediaElement to allow JavaScript to generate media streams for playback. Allowing JavaScript to generate streams facilitates a variety of use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams.

Encrypted Media Extensions (EME)

Encrypted Media Extensions is a W3C proposal to extend HTMLMediaElement, providing APIs to control playback of protected content.

The API supports use cases ranging from simple clear key decryption to high value video (given an appropriate user agent implementation). License/key exchange is controlled by the application, facilitating the development of robust playback applications supporting a range of content decryption and protection technologies.

One of the principle uses of EME is to allow browsers to implement DRM (Digital Rights Management), which helps to prevent web-based content (especially video) from being copied.

Adaptive Streaming

New formats and protocols are being rolled out to facilitate adaptive streaming. Adaptive streaming media means that the bandwidth and typically quality of the stream can change in real-time in reaction to the user's available bandwidth. Adaptive streaming is often used in conjunction with live streaming where smooth delivery of audio or video is paramount.

The main formats used for adaptive streaming are HLS and MPEG-DASH. MSE has been designed with DASH in mind. MSE defines byte streams according to ISOBMFF and M2TS (both supported in DASH, the latter supported in HLS). Generally speaking, if you are interested in standards, are looking for flexibility, or wish to support most modern browsers, you are probably better off with DASH.

DASH also provides a number of profiles including simple onDemand profiles that no preprocessing and splitting up of media files. There are also a number of cloud based services that will convert your media to both HLS and DASH.

For further information see Live streaming web audio and video.

Debugging Audio / Video Issues

Having issues playing back audio or video? Try the following check-list.

Does the browser support the supplied formats?

Use the following verified sources within your audio and video elements to check support.

• Audio MP3 (type="audio/mpeg"): https://jPlayer.org/audio/mp3/Miaow-01-Tempered-song.mp3 (play the MP3 audio live.)
• Audio MP4 (type="audio/mp4"): https://jPlayer.org/audio/m4a/Miaow-01-Tempered-song.m4a (play the MP4 audio live.)
• Audio Ogg (type="audio/ogg"): https://jPlayer.org/audio/ogg/Miaow-01-Tempered-song.ogg (play the OGG audio live.)
• Video MP4 (type="video/mp4"): https://jPlayer.org/video/m4v/Big_Buck_Bunny_Trailer.m4v (play the MP4 video live.)
• Video WebM (type="video/webm"): https://jPlayer.org/video/webm/Big_Buck_Bunny_Trailer.webm (play the WebM video live.)
• Video Ogg (type="video/ogg"): https://jPlayer.org/video/ogv/Big_Buck_Bunny_Trailer.ogv (play the OGG video live.)

If these don't play then the browser you are testing doesn't support the given format. Consider using a different format or using a fallback.

If these work but the files you are supplying don't, there are two possible issues:

1. The media server is not delivering the correct mime types with the file

Although this is usually supported, you may need to add the following to your media server's .htaccess file.

# AddType TYPE/SUBTYPE EXTENSION
 
AddType audio/mpeg mp3
AddType audio/mp4 m4a
AddType audio/ogg ogg
AddType audio/ogg oga
 
AddType video/mp4 mp4
AddType video/mp4 m4v
AddType video/ogg ogv
AddType video/webm webm
AddType video/webm webmv

2. Your files have been encoded incorrectly

Your files may have been encoded incorrectly — try encoding using one of the following tools, which are proven to be pretty reliable:

• Audacity - Free Audio Editor and Recorder
• Miro - Free, open-source music and video player
• Handbrake - Open Source Video Transcoder
• Firefogg - Video and Audio encoding for Firefox
• FFmpeg2 - Comprehensive command line encoder
• Libav - Comprehensive command line encoder
• Vid.ly - Video player,transcoding and delivery
• Internet Archive - Free transcoding and storage

Customising Your Media Player

You may decide that you want your audio or video player to have a consistent look across browsers, or just wish to tweak it to match your site. The general technique for achieving this is to omit the controls attribute so that the default browser controls are not displayed, create custom controls using HTML and CSS, then use JavaScript to link your controls to the audio/video API.

If you need something extra, it's possible to add features that are not currently present in default players, such as playback rate, quality stream switches or even audio spectrums. You can also choose how to make your player responsive — for example you might remove the progress bar under certain conditions.

You may detect click, touch and/or keyboard events to trigger actions such as play, pause and scrubbing. It's often important to remember keyboard controls for user convenience and accessibility.

A quick example — first set up your audio and custom controls in HTML:

  <audio id="my-audio" src="https://jPlayer.org/audio/mp3/Miaow-01-Tempered-song.mp3"></audio>
  <button id="my-control">play</button>

add a bit of JavaScript to detect events to play and pause the audio:

window.onload = function() {
 
  var myAudio = document.getElementById('my-audio');
  var myControl = document.getElementById('my-control');
 
  function switchState() {
    if (myAudio.paused == true) {
      myAudio.play();
      myControl.innerHTML = "pause";
    } else {
      myAudio.pause();
      myControl.innerHTML = "play";
    }
  }
 
  function checkKey(e) {
    if (e.keycode == 32 ) { //spacebar
      switchState();
    }
  }
 
  myControl.addEventListener('click', function() {
    switchState();
  }, false);
 
  window.addEventListener( "keypress", checkKey, false );
}

You can try this example out here. For more information, see Creating your own custom audio player.

Audio/Video JavaScript Libraries

A number of audio and video JavaScript libaries exist. The most popular libraries allow you to choose a consistent player design over all browsers and provide a fallback for browsers that don't support audio and video natively. Fallbacks often use Adobe Flash or Microsoft Silverlight plugins. Other functionality such as the track element for subtitles can also be provided through media libraries.

Audio only

• SoundManager

Video only

• flowplayer: Gratis with a flowplayer logo watermark. Open source (GPL licensed.)
• JWPlayer: Requires registration to download. Open Source Edition (Creative Commons License.)
• SublimeVideo: Requires registration. Form based set up with domain specific link to CDN hosted library.
• Video.js: Gratis and Open Source (Apache 2 Licensed.)

Audio and Video

• jPlayer: Gratis and Open Source (MIT Licensed.)
• mediaelement.js: Gratis and Open Source (MIT Licensed.)

Web Audio API

• AudioContext monkeypatch: A polyfill for older versions of the Web Audio API; Open Source (Apache 2 Licensed.)

Basic tutorials

Creating a cross-browser video player

A guide to creating a basic cross browser video player using the <video> element.

Video player styling basics

With the cross-browser video player put in place in the previous article, this article now looks at providing some basic, reponsive styling for the player.

Cross-browser audio basics

This article provides a basic guide to creating an HTML5 audio player that works cross browser, with all the associated attributes, properties and events explained, and a quick guide to custom controls created using the Media API.

Media buffering, seeking, and time ranges

Sometimes it's useful to know how much <audio> or <video> has downloaded or is playable without delay — a good example of this is the buffered progress bar of an audio or video player. This article discusses how to build a buffer/seek bar using TimeRanges, and other features of the media API.

HTML5 playbackRate explained

The playbackRate property allows us to change the speed or rate at which a piece of web audio or video is playing. This article explains it in detail.

Using the Web Audio API

Explains the basics of using the Web Audio API to grab, manipulate and play back an audio source.

Streaming media tutorials

Live streaming web audio and video

Live streaming technology is often employed to relay live events such as sports, concerts and more generally TV and Radio programmes that are output live. Often shortened to just streaming, live streaming is the process of transmitting media 'live' to computers and devices. This is a fairly complex and nascent subject with a lot of variables, so in this article we'll introduce you to the subject and let you know how you can get started.

Setting up adaptive streaming media sources

Let's say you want to set up an adaptive streaming media source on a server, to be consumed inside an HTML5 media element. How would you do that? This article explains how, looking at two of the most common formats: MPEG-DASH and HLS (HTTP Live Streaming.)

DASH Adaptive Streaming for HTML 5 Video

Details how to set up adaptive streaming using DASH and WebM.

Advanced tutorials

Adding captions and subtitles to HTML5 video

This article explains how to add captions and subtitles to HTML5 <video>, using Web_Video_Text_Tracks_Format and the <track> element.

Writing Web Audio API code that works in every browser

A guide to writing cross browser Web Audio API code.

H.264 support in Firefox

This article explains the state of support for the H.264 video format in Firefox/Firefox OS, including code examples, tips and tricks.

Easy audio capture with the MediaRecorder API

Explains the basics of using the MediaRecorder API to directly record a media stream.

References

• The video element
• Media events API
• HTMLVideoElement API
• MediaSource API
• Web Audio API
• MediaRecorder API
• getUserMedia