The chrome module is the only way to access chrome functionality using the Add-on SDK.
You should avoid using the API if it's at all possible. We intend to deprecate it in future releases. Its use currently causes an extra add-on security review.
The chrome module gives an Add-on SDK add-on access to the Components object, which in turn gives it access to a large set of privileged low-level APIs.
chome is a built-in pseudo module of the toolkit loader. See the chrome authority tutorial for more details.
An example of this API's use is availabe in the XUL Migration Guide.
This module is not to be confused with the "chrome" global variable that WebExtensions can use to access APIs.