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In our final article on selectors we'll explore combinators and multiple selectors — two ways of combining multiple selectors together for further useful selection capabilities.
Combinators
Using one selector at a time is useful, but can be inefficient in some situations. CSS selectors become even more useful when you start combining them to perform fine-grained selections. CSS has several ways to select elements based on how they are related to one another. Those relationships are expressed with combinators as follows (A and B represent any selector seen above):
| Combinators | Select |
|---|---|
| AB | Any element matching both A and B at the same time. |
| A B | Any element matching B that is a descendant of an element matching A (that is: a child, or a child of a child, etc.) |
| A > B | Any element matching B that is a direct child of an element matching A. |
| A + B | Any element matching B that is the next sibling of an element matching A (that is: the next child of the same parent.) |
| A ~ B | Any element matching B that is among the next sibling of an element matching A (that is: one of the next children of the same parent.) |
Combinators example
Let's look at an example with all of this working together:
<table lang="en-US" class="with-currency">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Product</th>
<th scope="col">Qty.</th>
<th scope="col">Price</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" scope="row">Total:</th>
<td>148.55</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Lawnchair</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>137.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Marshmallow rice bar</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1.10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Book</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10.45</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Then let's use the following style sheet:
/* Basic table setup */
table {
font: 1em sans-serif;
border-collapse: collapse;
border-spacing: 0;
}
/* All <td>s within a <table and all <th>s within a <table>
Comma is not a combinator, it just allows you to target
several selectors with the same CSS ruleset */
table td, table th {
border : 1px solid black;
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.4em;
}
/* All <th>s within <thead>s that are within <table>s */
table thead th {
color: white;
background: black;
}
/* All <td>s preceded by another <td>,
within a <tbody>, within a <table> */
table tbody td + td {
text-align: center;
}
/* All <td>s that are a last child,
within a <tbody>, within a <table> */
table tbody td:last-child {
text-align: right
}
/* All <th>s, within a <tfoot>s, within a <table> */
table tfoot th {
text-align: right;
border-top-width: 5px;
border-left: none;
border-bottom: none;
}
/* All <td>s preceded by a <th>, within a <table> */
table th + td {
text-align: right;
border-top-width: 5px;
color: white;
background: black;
}
/* All pseudo-elements "before" <td>s that are a last child,
appearing within elements with a class of "with-currency" that
also have an attribute "lang" with the value "en-US" */
.with-currency[lang="en-US"] td:last-child::before {
content: '$';
}
/* All pseudo-elements "after" <td>s that are a last child,
appearing within elements with the class "with-currency" that
also have an attribute "lang" with the value "fr" */
.with-currency[lang="fr"] td:last-child::after {
content: ' €';
}
This has given us the following rather nice table styles:
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Combinators_example', '100%', '176px') }}
Active learning: Writing your own combinators
The above example was designed to show the sort of complexity you can start to achieve with combinators. In this active learning, we will get you to write some of your own, more simple selectors that include combinators. In this exercise you need to add a selector to rules 2–4, to:
- Style links, but only links that are inside the unordered list.
- Style links inside the unordered list, only when they are being hovered over.
- Style only the paragraph that comes directly after the top level heading.
If you make a mistake, you can always reset it using the Reset button. If you get really stuck, press the Show solution button to see a potential answer.
Playable code 7
<div class="body-wrapper" style="font-family: 'Open Sans Light',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;">
<h2>HTML Input</h2>
<textarea id="code" class="html-input" style="width: 90%;height: 10em;padding: 10px;border: 1px solid #0095dd;"><ul>
<li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Portfolio</a></li>
<li><a href="#">About</a></li>
</ul>
<h1>Welcome to my website</h1>
<p>Hello, and welcome! I hope you enjoy your time here.</p>
<h2>My philosophy</h2>
<p>I am a believer in chilling out, and not getting grumpy. I think everyone else should follow this ideal, and <a href="#">drink green tea</a>.</p></textarea>
<h2>CSS Input</h2>
<textarea id="code" class="css-input" style="width: 90%;height: 10em;padding: 10px;border: 1px solid #0095dd;">ul {
padding: 0;
list-style-type: none;
}
{
text-decoration: none;
display: block;
color: black;
background-color: red;
padding: 5px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
{
color: red;
background-color: black;
}
{
font-style: bold;
color: blue;
}</textarea>
<h2>Output</h2>
<div class="output" style="width: 90%;height: 10em;padding: 10px;border: 1px solid #0095dd;overflow:auto;"></div>
<div class="controls">
<input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" style="margin: 10px 10px 0 0;">
<input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution" style="margin: 10px 0 0 10px;">
</div>
</div>
var htmlInput = document.querySelector(".html-input");
var cssInput = document.querySelector(".css-input");
var reset = document.getElementById("reset");
var htmlCode = htmlInput.value;
var cssCode = cssInput.value;
var output = document.querySelector(".output");
var solution = document.getElementById("solution");
var styleElem = document.createElement('style');
var headElem = document.querySelector('head');
headElem.appendChild(styleElem);
function drawOutput() {
output.innerHTML = htmlInput.value;
styleElem.textContent = cssInput.value;
}
reset.addEventListener("click", function() {
htmlInput.value = htmlCode;
cssInput.value = cssCode;
drawOutput();
});
solution.addEventListener("click", function() {
htmlInput.value = htmlCode;
cssInput.value = 'ul {\n padding: 0;\n list-style-type: none;\n}\n\nul a {\n text-decoration: none;\n display: block;\n color: black;\n background-color: red;\n padding: 5px;\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n}\n\nul a:hover {\n color: red;\n background-color: black;\n}\n\nh1 + p {\n font-style: bold;\n color: blue;\n}';
drawOutput();
});
htmlInput.addEventListener("input", drawOutput);
cssInput.addEventListener("input", drawOutput);
window.addEventListener("load", drawOutput);
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_7', 700, 800) }}
Multiple selectors on one rule
You have seen multiple examples of this in action already, but let's spell it out clearly for clarification. You can write multiple selectors separated by commas, to apply the same rule to multiple sets of selected elements at once. For example:
p, li {
font-size: 1.6em;
}
Or this:
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
font-family: helvetica, 'sans serif';
}
What's next
Congratulations, you've come to the end of our rather long journey into learning about Selectors. Even the most skilled web developers are still amazed by what's possible using selectors — don't feel bad if you can't remember all the options — bookmark the main selectors page and refer back to it when you need to.
In our next article we'll turn to another really important fundamental CSS topic — the kinds of values properties can have, and what units are involved in expressing the length, color, or other values you want. Let's explore CSS values and units.
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